FlyBase Allele Report: Dmel\imd[1]

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\imd¹

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

FlyBase ID

FBal0045906

Feature type

allele

Associated gene

Dmel\imd

Associated Insertion(s)

Carried in Construct

Also Known As

imd

Key Links

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Allele class

hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence

Mutagen

Nature of the Allele

Allele class

hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence

(Taylor and Kimbrell, 2007, Georgel et al., 2001)

Mutagen

Progenitor genotype

Cytology

Description

Amino acid replacement: A31V.

(Georgel et al., 2001)

Mutations Mapped to the Genome

Curation Data

Type

Location

Additional Notes

References

point_mutation

2R:18,411,319..18,411,319 [-]

Nucleotide change:

C18411319T

Amino acid change:

A31V | imd-PA; A31V | imd-PB

Reported amino acid change:

A31V

Comment:

Site of nucleotide substitution in mutant inferred by FlyBase based on reported amino acid change.

(Georgel et al., 2001)

Variant Molecular Consequences

Associated Sequence Data

DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank

DNA sequence

Protein sequence

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Expression Data

Reporter Expression

Additional Information

Statement

Reference

Marker for

Reflects expression of

Reporter construct used in assay

Human Disease Associations

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )

Disease

Interaction

References

exacerbates carcinoma

modeled by dlg1^A40.2

(Parvy et al., 2019)

Comments on Models/Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Disease-implicated variant(s)

Phenotypic Data

Phenotypic Class

abnormal immune response

(Huh et al., 2007, Taylor and Kimbrell, 2007, Takehana et al., 2004, Georgel et al., 2001, Bernal and Kimbrell, 2000, Leulier et al., 2000)

abnormal immune response (with Df(2R)1.1)

(Georgel et al., 2001)

abnormal immune response (with Df(2R)1.2)

(Georgel et al., 2001)

abnormal immune response (with Df(2R)2.1)

(Georgel et al., 2001)

abnormal immune response (with Df(2R)2.2)

(Georgel et al., 2001)

abnormal immune response (with Df(2R)C5)

(Georgel et al., 2001)

abnormal immune response | adult stage

(Kanoh et al., 2021, Kano and Yagi, 2019, Morris et al., 2016)

abnormal immune response | recessive

(Corbo and Levine, 1996)

increased mortality | adult stage | conditional

(Kanoh et al., 2021)

radiation resistant

(Georgel et al., 2001)

short lived | adult stage | conditional

(Kano and Yagi, 2019)

short lived | conditional

(Morris et al., 2016)

Phenotype Manifest In

Detailed Description

Statement

Reference

imd¹ adults show increased susceptibility (i.e. mortality) to Ecc15 bacterial infection.

(Kanoh et al., 2021)

imd¹ homozygotes show defective immune response to Enterobacter cloacae, as flies show increased mortality.

(Kano and Yagi, 2019)

imd¹/imd¹ flies have survival rates similar to wild type in response to Sindbis virus infection.

(Lamiable et al., 2016)

imd¹/imd¹ mutants exhibit a significant decrease in survival in response to P. rettgeri infection, as compared to wild type.

(Morris et al., 2016)

Rel^E20 mutant flies exposed to non-replicating P. aeruginosa bacteria display the same survival rate as non-exposed flies. Wild-type flies exhibit a greater survival rate due to a build up of immunity.

(Christofi and Apidianakis, 2013)

Infection with the S. aureus 'ItaS' mutant causes earlier death than infection with its parent RN4220 strain in imd¹ flies, similar to the findings with wild type flies.

(Hashimoto et al., 2009)

Mutant flies show reduced survival compared to wild-type flies after exposure to the Gram-negative bacteria E.cloacae.

(Huh et al., 2007)

imd¹ mutant females are more susceptible post-bacterial-infection than males.

spz⁴ mutant males can withstand B.bassiana fungal infection to a greater level than imd¹ mutant females.

(Taylor and Kimbrell, 2007)

Mutant animals, like wild-type, are significantly less susceptible to P.aeruginosa PA14 virulent strain after infection with the CF5 avirulent strain.

(Apidianakis et al., 2005)

imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes show 90% lethality in response to infection with M.luteus, compared to no significant lethality in infected wild-type animals. imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes infected with B.subtilis or S.aureus die significantly more rapidly than infected wild-type animals.

(Tzou et al., 2002)

The survival rate of imd¹ homozygous adults infected by pricking with a mixture of E.coli and M.luteus is significantly lower than that for wild-type but significantly higher than that for imd¹/Df(2R)2.1 flies. The proportion of imd¹ homozygous pupae (24 hours APF) surviving to adulthood after UV irradiation (50,000 μJ/cm²) is significantly higher than for wild-type.

(Georgel et al., 2001)

After infection with P.carotovorum, the bacteria persist longer in imd¹ mutants than in wild-type.

(Basset et al., 2000)

4 days after infection with S. epidermis only 66% of mutant flies survive, compared to over 80% in wild-type. 4 days after infection with M. roseus, 2% of mutant flies survive as compared to 46% in wild-type.

(Bernal and Kimbrell, 2000)

Mutant adults are susceptible to infection by E.coli (survival rate is reduced after pricking with an infected needle compared to survival rate of control flies). Mutant adults are not highly susceptible to infection by M.luteus.

(Leulier et al., 2000)

There is not a significant difference in the survival rate between larvae pricked with a sterile needle or a needle coated with Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria.

(Braun et al., 1998)

Homozygotes are highly sensitive to infection, with approximately 80% dying within 5 days after infection with E.cloacae. Severe impairment of the normal immune response.

(Corbo and Levine, 1996)

Inducibility of all antimicrobial genes by bacterial challenge in imd¹/imd¹; Tl^r3/Tl^rv1 double mutants is severely reduced. Septic injury (pricking with a needle under nonsterile conditions) does not noticeably affect imd¹ homozygote survival, infection with A.fumigatus results 93% survival 3 days postinfection and 3 days postinfection with E. coli there are a few survivors (8% survival). 40% homozygous double mutant flies survive after septic injury but only a few individuals survive 3 days postinfection with E.coli.

(Lemaitre et al., 1996)

External Data

Linkouts

Interactions

Show genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors

Phenotypic Class

NOT suppressed by

Statement

Reference

imd¹ has abnormal immune response | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by Dyro^Δ6/Dyro^Δ6

(Kano and Yagi, 2019)

imd¹ has short lived | adult stage | conditional phenotype, non-suppressible by Dyro^Δ6/Dyro^Δ6

(Kano and Yagi, 2019)

Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

imd¹ is an enhancer of neoplasia | larval stage phenotype of dlg1^A40.2

(Parvy et al., 2019)

NOT Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

imd¹ is a non-enhancer of abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage | progressive | conditional phenotype of norpA^EE5

(Chinchore et al., 2012)

Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

imd¹ is a suppressor of increased cell death | larval stage phenotype of dlg1^A40.2

(Parvy et al., 2019)

imd¹/imd¹ is a suppressor | partially of abnormal immune response | adult stage phenotype of Diedel¹

(Lamiable et al., 2016)

imd¹ is a suppressor of partially lethal - majority die phenotype of PGRP-LF²⁰⁰

(Maillet et al., 2008)

imd¹ is a suppressor of visible | adult stage phenotype of PGRP-LF²⁰⁰

(Maillet et al., 2008)

NOT Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

imd¹ is a non-suppressor of abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage | progressive | conditional phenotype of norpA^EE5

(Chinchore et al., 2012)

Other

Statement

Reference

Dyro^Δ6, imd¹ has short lived phenotype

(Kano and Yagi, 2019)

Rel^E20, imd¹ has abnormal immune response phenotype

(Apidianakis et al., 2005)

imd¹, spz⁴ has abnormal immune response phenotype

(Leulier et al., 2000)

Phenotype Manifest In

Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

imd¹ is an enhancer of wing disc phenotype of dlg1^A40.2

(Parvy et al., 2019)

NOT Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

imd¹ is a non-enhancer of retina | progressive | conditional phenotype of norpA^EE5

(Chinchore et al., 2012)

Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

imd¹ is a suppressor of wing disc phenotype of dlg1^A40.2

(Parvy et al., 2019)

imd¹ is a suppressor of wing phenotype of PGRP-LF²⁰⁰

(Maillet et al., 2008)

NOT Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

imd¹ is a non-suppressor of retina | progressive | conditional phenotype of norpA^EE5

(Chinchore et al., 2012)

Additional Comments

Genetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

imd¹ enhances the tumor phenotype and suppress the associated apoptosis (Dcp1 staining) observed in dlg1^A40.2 wing discs

(Parvy et al., 2019)

Presence of imd¹/imd¹ partially suppresses the shorter lifespan in Diedel¹/Diedel¹ flies after Sindbis virus infection.

(Lamiable et al., 2016)

imd¹ suppresses the notching phenotypes and low adult viability seen in homozygous PGRP-LF²⁰⁰ mutants.

(Maillet et al., 2008)

Rel^E20, imd¹ double mutant animals are equally susceptible to P.aeruginosa PA14 virulent strain after infection with the CF5 avirulent strain.

(Apidianakis et al., 2005)

Lethality in imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes in response to M.luteus infection is suppressed by Dpt^Scer\UAS.cTa/Dpt^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32, and partially suppressed by Dro^Scer\UAS.cTa/Dro^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32. Lethality in imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes in response to B.subtilis infection is suppressed by Def^Scer\UAS.cTa/Def^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32. Lethality in imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes in response to S.aureus infection is significantly delayed by Def^Scer\UAS.cTa/Def^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32. The addition of a third copy of Def^Scer\UAS.cTa further delays the death of these flies. This protective effect is not enhanced by the presence of Dpt^Scer\UAS.cTa, Dro^Scer\UAS.cTa, CecA1^Scer\UAS.cTa, AttA^Scer\UAS.cTa, or Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa. Lethality in imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes in response to E.coli infection is significantly delayed by AttA^Scer\UAS.cTa/AttA^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32, or AttA^Scer\UAS.cTa/Dro^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32, or AttA^Scer\UAS.cTa/Dpt^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32. Lethality in imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes in response to E.carotorva infection is significantly delayed by AttA^Scer\UAS.cTa/AttA^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32. Lethality in imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes in response to A.tumefaciens infection is significantly delayed by Dro^Scer\UAS.cTa/Dro^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32. Lethality in imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes in response to P.aeruginosa infection is unaffected by expression of Dpt^Scer\UAS.cTa, Dro^Scer\UAS.cTa, CecA1^Scer\UAS.cTa, AttA^Scer\UAS.cTa, Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa, or Def^Scer\UAS.cTa with Scer\GAL4^da.G32. Lethality in imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes in response to infection with N.crassa or F.oxysporum is restored to wild-type levels by Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa/Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32. This effect requires at least two copies of Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa. Lethality in imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes in response to A.fumigatus infection is significantly delayed by Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa/Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa; Scer\GAL4^da.G32. This effect requires at least two copies of Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa. Lethality in imd¹; spz⁴ double homozygotes in response to cuticular deposition of B.bassiana spores is unaffected by expression of Dpt^Scer\UAS.cTa, Dro^Scer\UAS.cTa, CecA1^Scer\UAS.cTa, AttA^Scer\UAS.cTa, Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa, or Def^Scer\UAS.cTa with Scer\GAL4^da.G32. N.crassa does not sporulate on the corpses of imd¹ Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa/imd¹; spz⁴ Drs^Scer\UAS.cTa/spz⁴ Scer\GAL4^da.G32 flies.

(Tzou et al., 2002)

imd¹; spz⁴ adults are highly susceptible to infection by E.coli or M.luteus (survival rate is reduced after pricking with an infected needle compared to survival rate of control flies). The adults are highly sensitive to natural infection by B.bassiana or injection of A.fumigatus spores.

(Leulier et al., 2000)

dom^k08108 imd¹ double mutant larvae show a dramatically compromised survival after injury (whether it is a clean injury or an injury combined with infection).

(Braun et al., 1998)

Xenogenetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

Complementation and Rescue Data

Rescued by

imd¹ is rescued by imd^UAS.cGa/Scer\GAL4^hs.PB

(Georgel et al., 2001)

imd¹ is rescued by imd^+t5.1

(Georgel et al., 2001)

Comments

The presence of imd^+t5.1 rescues the survival rate of imd¹ homozygotes infected with a mixture of E.coli and M.luteus to wild-type levels.

(Georgel et al., 2001)

Images (0)

Mutant

Wild-type

Stocks (1)

Bloomington

55711

P{Dipt2.2-lacZ}1; b^* pr^* imd¹

Notes on Origin

Discoverer

Arose on: Bc¹.

(Corbo and Levine, 1996)

Comments

Bacterially challenged larvae exhibit severely impaired expression of the antibacterial peptide genes and survival is decreased.

(Lemaitre et al., 1995)

Homozygotes show attenuated induction of immunity genes such as CecA1 and Dpt.

(Corbo and Levine, 1996)

Synthesis of antibacterial peptides is impaired.

(Lemaitre et al., 1996)

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 0 )

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (4)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

IMD

(Maillet et al., 2008)

Imd¹

(Maitra et al., 2019, Khadilkar et al., 2017, Bangi et al., 2012, Longworth et al., 2012, Junell et al., 2010)

imd

(Stoven et al., 2003, Takehana et al., 2002, Lee et al., 2001, Basset et al., 2000, Hedengren et al., 2000, Leulier et al., 2000, Braun et al., 1998, Levashina et al., 1998, Nicolas et al., 1998, Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998, Lemaitre et al., 1996)

Name Synonyms

Secondary FlyBase IDs

References (59)

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