The expression of tra^UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^Akh.PU, Scer\GAL4^da.PU or Scer\GAL4^elav.PU leads to starvation resistance in males, as compared to controls.

Under control conditions, the adulthood-only expression of tra^UAS.cFa under the control of either Scer\GAL4^esg-NP7397 or Scer\GAL4^tub.PU (and Gal80[ts], for the temporal regulation of expression) does not significantly affect the mitotic index in the female or male adult posterior midgut, as compared to controls; the Scer\GAL4^esg-NP7397-driven expression also does not affect the number of progenitor cells (intestinal stem cells/enteroblasts) in the female or male adult posterior midgut, as compared to controls.

Under control conditions, tra^KO.Cherry/tra¹ transheterozygotes that also express tra^UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^esg-NP7397 during adulthood do not show significant changes in the adult posterior midgut mitotic index in females, as compared to controls.

Expression of tra^UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^121Y leads to significantly reduced (feminized) male siesta sleep while there is no change in female siesta sleep when compared to control adults.

Expression of tra^UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^30Y, Scer\GAL4^103Y, Scer\GAL4^to.PD, Scer\GAL4¹⁴⁷¹ or Scer\GAL4^pros-V1 does not lead to any changes in male siesta sleep when compared to control adults.

Expression of tra^Scer\UAS.cFa is driven by Scer\GAL4^{Myo31DF-NP0001} to achieve mid-gut-specific feminization in male flies: these males have larger enterocytes compared to control males. Expression of tra^Scer\UAS.cFa driven by Scer\GAL4^da.PU produces transgendered males that are feminized in all sexually dimorphic structures. Age-related midgut pathologies are evident in Scer\GAL4^{Myo31DF-NP0001}>tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males at 35 days old, whereas male control guts appear well-maintained; pathology in feminized guts is similar to that seen in females (or more severe). Females and feminized males (Scer\GAL4^{Myo31DF-NP0001}>tra^Scer\UAS.cFa) increase intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation over age and have more mitoses (at 35 days old), unlike control males. 42 day old feminized males show significant barrier dysfunction, with more flies with a 'Smurf' phenotype than male or female controls. Feminized Scer\GAL4^{Myo31DF-NP0001}>tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males also show a higher bacterial load with age (compared to females). Similar to females, these feminized males on a high-yeast diet show more severe pathology at 35 days than those on low yeast; this dietary restriction significantly reduces tumor formation in feminized males. Rapamycin reduces ISC proliferation and gut pathology in females and feminized males. Feminized males are more susceptible to oral infection (Erwinia carotovora - compared to control males and females) and live significantly shorter than males (though feminized males, unlike control males, show an increase in lifespan with dietary restriction).

When wild type male flies are exposed to male flies expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of either Scer\GAL4^OK72 or Scer\GAL4^Desat1.PB (which induces feminization of the pheromone profile) they exhibit reduced starvation resistance, triacylglyceride (TAG) amount and lifespan compared with males exposed to other wild type males. This female pheromone-induced increase in mortality is detected after two days exposure to the tra^Scer\UAS.cFa-expressing flies, persists with continued exposure and is reversed when the feminized males are replaced by wild type males. It is unaffected by the ratio of wild type to feminized males and no aggressive behaviour was observed between the wild type and feminized males. The reductions in TAG content and starvation resistance are reversed upon removal of the tra^Scer\UAS.cFa-expressing flies. Total activity is modestly increased in males exposed to feminized males but metabolic rate and feeding are unaffected. Exposure of the wild type males to the female pheromone 7,11-heptacosadiene has similar effects on starvation resistance and also has no effect on activity levels.

Surgical removal of the foreleg abrogates the reduction in survival when wild type males are exposed to males with a female pheromone profile. Injuring the foreleg is not sufficient to increase survival.

Introducing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa-induced female-pheromone exposed wild type males to an excess of females (a 5:1 ratio) significantly reduces the effects on mortality and TAG content, although the benefits decrease with age. The introduction of a small number of virgin females or wild type females in a 1:1 ratio is insufficient to overcome the reduction in mortality.

Male flies expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^elav-C155 exhibit female-specific Ilp7 neurons in the ventral subset, adjacent to the embryonic Ilp7 neurons. No changes in the Ilp7 neuronal population are seen when tra^Scer\UAS.cFa is expressed under the control of Scer\GAL4^Ilp7.PC.

Expression of tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^GMR84G06 results in the reduction of the size of the hg1 flight control muscle to the size observed in females. These males are otherwise phenotypically normal in gross appearance. They court females vigorously and generate most aspects of song normally relative to controls. However, Scer\GAL4^GMR84G06>tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males sing sine song with significantly reduced amplitude compared with controls, whereas pulse song amplitude is unaffected. This phenotype is not due to tra^Scer\UAS.cFa expression in the nervous system, because Scer\GAL4^GMR84G06>tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males carrying Scer\GAL80^GMR57C10 to suppress the neuronal expression of tra^Scer\UAS.cFa also sing with reduced volume relative to controls. Scer\GAL4^GMR84G06>tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males mate at a lower rate than do controls.

Compared to controls, males expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa in ps1, but not the hg1 motorneurons under the control of Scer\GAL4^GMR40D04 generate song normally and mate at a rate similar to that of wild-type.

Expression of tra^Scer\UAS.cFa using Scer\GAL4^hec.PL (which effectively 'feminizes' the expressing cells) results in a significant decrease in the courtship index of males. Conditional feminization only in adult flies (using the Scer\GAL80^ts.αTub84B system) does not affect male courtship.

Wild-type males show aggression towards males expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^elav-C155 despite the fact that the tra^Scer\UAS.cFa-expressing males do not exhibit male patterns of aggression.

Despite persistent courtship and frequent copulation attempts towards males expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^desat1.PB, wild-type males eventually transition to aggression. The males expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa via Scer\GAL4^desat1.PB exhibit a feminised pheromone profile.

Males expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of both Scer\GAL4^desat1.PB and Scer\GAL4^elav-C155 trigger responses in males that are opposite to those anticipated in normal male-male interactions. Aggression towards these males is greatly reduced. The pheromone profile of these males resembles that of females.

Male flies expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^Cha.7.4 exhibit lilttle or no courtship activity toward females, but a robust increase in courtship towards other males at a frequency indistinguishable from wild-type females. tra^Scer\UAS.cFa-Scer\GAL4^Cha.7.4 male pairs show an increase in some aggressive behaviors compared to wild-type male pairs. tra^Scer\UAS.cFa-Scer\GAL4^Cha.7.4 males exhibit greater locomotor activity compared to wild-type males. Lunging activity is significantly higher than in wild-type, although wing threat is significantly lower in tra^Scer\UAS.cFa-Scer\GAL4^Cha.7.4 flies, thus not all aggressive actions are more frequent in tra^Scer\UAS.cFa-Scer\GAL4^Cha.7.4 flies. Nevertheless, the total time spent in aggressive activity and chasing is significantly elevated in tra^Scer\UAS.cFa-Scer\GAL4^Cha.7.4 males compared to wild-type.

in wild-type flies, chasing is most often followed by lunging, whereas in tra^Scer\UAS.cFa-Scer\GAL4^Cha.7.4 males, chasing is followed with equal probability by either lunging, an aggressive action, or by wing extension, a courtship action.

tra^Scer\UAS.cFa/+ males produce songs with abnormally low number of cycles per pulse.

Scer\GAL4⁰⁰³ tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce polycyclic songs.

Scer\GAL4⁰¹⁰ tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce highly polycyclic songs.

Scer\GAL4^11Y tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce songs with an abnormally long interpulse interval.

Scer\GAL4^C60 tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce no song.

Scer\GAL4^102Y tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce no song.

Scer\GAL4^C115 tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce no song.

Scer\GAL4¹²³ tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce no song.

Scer\GAL4^169Y tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce songs with abnormally long interpulse intervals.

Scer\GAL4^203Y tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce polycyclic songs with abnormally long interpulse intervals.

Scer\GAL4^C318a tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce no song.

Scer\GAL4³³³ tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce polycyclic songs with abnormally long interpulse intervals.

Scer\GAL4³⁶⁹ tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce no song.

Scer\GAL4³⁸³ tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce polycyclic songs.

Scer\GAL4³⁸⁵ tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce no song.

Scer\GAL4^C404 tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce no song.

Scer\GAL4⁴⁶³ tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce mildly polycyclic songs with abnormally long interpulse intervals.

Scer\GAL4⁴⁷⁰ tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce mildly polycyclic songs.

Scer\GAL4⁴⁸³ tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce no song.

Scer\GAL4⁴⁹⁶ tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce highly polycyclic songs.

Scer\GAL4⁴⁹⁹ tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce highly polycyclic songs with an abnormally long interpulse interval.

Scer\GAL4^C502a tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce no song.

Scer\GAL4^C552 tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce polycyclic songs.

Scer\GAL4^C560 tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce no song.

Scer\GAL4^C689 tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males produce no song.

Males expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^npf.1 have significantly higher fighting frequencies than controls.

Expression of tra^Scer\UAS.cFa in the fat body cells, under the control of Scer\GAL4^Lsp2.0.68 or Scer\GAL4^Lsp2.3.1 results in males with feminised fat bodies.

XY flies of the genotype Scer\GAL4^Lsp2.0.68/tra^Scer\UAS.cFa court normally, indicating that male identity in larval fat bodies is not required. In contrast, a significant reduction in courtship is found in Scer\GAL4^Lsp2.3.1/tra^Scer\UAS.cFa males in comparison to control flies. The latency to initiate courtship (i.e. the first orientation towards the female) is not affected. The relative frequency of wing extensions and attempted copulations is reduced. The overall activity of courtship-defective Scer\GAL4^Lsp2.3.1/tra^Scer\UAS.cFa flies is equal to that of the control flies.

Male flies expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^OK72, Scer\GAL4^shn-NP5250 or Scer\GAL4^Lsp2.PH show no difference in the total amount of hydrocarbons compared to controls.

Males expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^OK72 or Scer\GAL4^shn-NP5250 show a marked feminisation of the hydrocarbon profile, with a large production of dienes. Expression of tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^Lsp2.PH has no effect on the hydrocarbon profile in males.

Expression of tra^Scer\UAS.cFa ubiquitously (Scer\GAL4^αTub84B.PL) or in the mesoderm (Scer\GAL4^twi.PG combined with Scer\GAL4^how-24B) blocks hub formation (germline stem cell niche formation).

Males expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^nf.1, and which therefore lack male-specific npf expression, display subnormal courtship activity toward virgin females, partly because of prolonged courtship initiation latency before commencement of active courtship.

Females expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^hs.PB completely lack cuticular hydrocarbons and are actively courted by males.

Partially-transformed males, where tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^oeE is expressed in the oenocytes, elicit significant courtship responses from wild-type males.

Expression of courtship behaviour is significantly reduced in tra^Scer\UAS.cFa; Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu males.

Courtship of males by fru^Δtra/fru^4-40 or fru^M/fru^4-40 females is enhanced when the males are tra^Scer\UAS.cFa; Scer\GAL4^oeC.

When tra^Scer\UAS.cFa is driven by Scer\GAL4^retn.89, animals have male pigmentation patterns and sex combs, but genitalia are underdeveloped. They court females with normal courtship indices and court other males.

Scer\GAL4^fru-GAL4/+; tra^Scer\UAS.cFa/+ males are infertile with a low male-female courtship index. These males court single wild-type males and form chains with males of their own genotype. (Note: Scer\GAL4^fru-GAL4 = fru^GAL4 and homozygous males of this genotype have a similar phenotype to that described here).

Male flies expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the regulation of Scer\GAL4^c309 exhibit external feminization, to varying extent. They exhibit a lack of sex combs, and feminization of external genitalia along with abdominal pigmentation. All such flies contain female seminal receptacles (but no spermathacae) and testes, although the latter appears smaller than normal. The number of motile sperm, if present, are reduced compared to wild-type controls.

Male flies expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^c309 courted females with no significant decrement and sang normally. In male-pair tests, these flies court wild-type males at 2-3 times the level of controls. They also elicit anomalously high levels of courtship from wild-type males. Males expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the regulation of Scer\GAL4^c309, exhibit courtship chaining behavior with a chaining index of 20%. Coexpression with Scer\GAL80^Cha.PK reduces this index approximately 10-fold, despite the coexpression of Scer\GAL80^Cha.PK induces intermale courtship. These flies exhibit no courtship chaining behavior.

XY germ cells do not proliferate in embryos expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^twi.PB (in contrast to wild type, where germ cells do proliferate in XY embryos).

Feminised XY males expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^55B have an abnormal copulation duration; the mean and variability of copulation duration are considerably different from that of wild-type males. Copulation duration is not intrinsically determined in the feminised males; if the distribution of copulation duration is split into 3 categories (long - more than 25 minutes, control-like - 10-25 minutes and short - less than 10 minutes), individual feminised males successively paired with two virgin females stochastically change category, but the proportion of flies in each category remains constant between the two tests.

Females mated with feminised XY males expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^55B yield offspring much less frequently (35.2%) than those mated with control males (91.7%), but no difference in fertility is found between the feminised males of the three different copulation duration classes. 24 hours after mating with feminised males, the frequency of female remating with a second (wild-type) male is high (32.4%) compared to the total repression of remating seen in females mated to wild-type males. Fertility and repression of remating do not always coincide in individual wild-type females mated to the feminised males.

Abdominal ganglion neurons expressing Scer\GAL4^55B in feminised XY males expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^55B establish less branches and varicosities on the seminal vesicles, testicular ducts, accessory glands and the ejaculatory duct than abdominal ganglion neurons in wild-type males. XX females expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^55B do not show abnormal copulation duration.

The abnormal copulation duration and reduced fertility of feminised XY males expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^55B is rescued by expression of Scer\GAL80^Cha.PK. In addition, for these rescued males, no case of remating within 24 hours is detected in wild-type females mated to them.

When expression is driven by Scer\GAL4^MJ286 male courtship latency is increased.

When tra^Scer\UAS.cFa is driven by Scer\GAL4^Gp150-52A in males, courtship latency is decreased, though the mutant males retain the ability to distinguish females from males.

When tra^Scer\UAS.cFa is expressed under the control of Scer\GAL4^αTub84B.PL, no male-specific somatic gonadal precursors are observed in stage 15 male gonads and they appear similar to wild-type females.

The volume of the DA1 glomerulus in male flies expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^69B is dramatically reduced, to a size that is comparable with female siblings (in wild-type flies, the DA1 glomerulus is significantly larger in males than in females).

Clones in the male genital disc expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PP are feminised.

Males expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^elav-C155, Scer\GAL4^121Y, Scer\GAL4^30Y, Scer\GAL4^pros-V1 or Scer\GAL4^103Y walk like females; the number of start/stop bouts is significantly greater than in control males. Feminised pars intercerebralis neurons from males expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^30Y which are transplanted into the abdomen of a wild-type male cause the feminisation of walking behaviour in the recipient male; the number of start/stop bouts is significantly greater than in control males.

When tra^Scer\UAS.cFa is driven by Scer\GAL4^to.PD, males have markedly reduced Courtship Indexes, indicating that the amount of time mutant males spend courting is greatly reduced.

tra^Scer\UAS.cFa Scer\GAL4^pros.PMG males are bisexual but retain male-specific behaviors. When Scer\GAL4^elav-C155 is instead used as a driver, male courtship behavior is suppressed Feminization of body parts, including abdomen and genitals is also seen in these animals. Near total suppression of male specific behaviors is also seen when tra^Scer\UAS.cFa expression is driven with Scer\GAL4^MZ490 or Scer\GAL4^NP0218. In the case of Scer\GAL4^NP0218, but not Scer\GAL4^MZ490, the male courtship song is completely suppressed. Suppression of courtship behavior when Scer\GAL4^NP0218 is used as a driver is unaffected if the mushroom bodies are (largely) eliminated using timed hydroxyurea treatment.

No sign of body feminization is apparent in tra^Scer\UAS.cFa; Scer\GAL4^NP0218 males. Wild-type males are strongly attracted to tra^Scer\UAS.cFa; Scer\GAL4^MZ490 males, indicating feminization of pheromones.

The expression of tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^hs.PB at early imaginal life reduces the total amount of cuticular hydrocarbons in males by almost 70%. The typically male compounds 7-tricosene and 7-pentacosene are drastically reduced and 5-tricosene is almost undetectable. Males expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^hs.PB produce normal courtship songs. The proportion of these males that have mated after a 30 minute observation period is not significantly different from that of controls.

Female and male targets elicit normal courtship when the same neurons are feminised by tra^Scer\UAS.cFa expression under the control of Scer\GAL4^GH146.

The genital discs tra^Scer\UAS.cFa; Scer\GAL4^ptc-559.1 males raised at 18^oC resemble female genital discs: the female primordium grows to dominate the disc, while the male primordium is much reduced. This transformation is not perfect, as the female primordium overgrows and is thrown into folds, while occasionally some development of the male primordia occurs. tra^Scer\UAS.cFa; Scer\GAL4^en-e16E males and tra^Scer\UAS.cFa; Scer\GAL4^ptc-559.1, or tra^Scer\UAS.cFa; Scer\GAL4^en-e16E females have normal genital discs.

The abdominal cuticular pigmentation is partially feminised in males expressing ectopic tra^Scer\UAS.cFa driven by Scer\GAL4^c739.

Males expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under Scer\GAL4^Tab2-201Y control court both sexes irrespective of dosage of w^+mC.

When 12 to 48 hour old males are placed in a dry incubator at 37^oC for 2 hours, causing them to express tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^hs.PB, their mature hydrocarbons are largely or completely feminised. If the heat shock is applied before or after this time there is no or very little effect on hydrocarbons. When 3 to 9 hour old males are placed in a water bath at 37^oC for 2 hours, causing them to express tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^hs.PB, their mature hydrocarbons are largely or completely absent. When the same heat shock procedure is applied either earlier or later during imaginal development a partial feminisation of the hydrocarbons can occur, without any decrease in the general level of hydrocarbons. When 3 to 9 hour old females are placed in a water bath at 37^oC for 2 hours, causing them to express tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^hs.PB, all the principal hydrocarbons are missing at 4 days.

When tra^Scer\UAS.cFa is driven by one of Scer\GAL4^elav-C155, Scer\GAL4^121Y, Scer\GAL4^121Y or Scer\GAL4^103Y in male flies, a full feminisation of locomotor activity inter-count intervals (ICIs) is observed. No feminisation of ICIs is seen when tra^Scer\UAS.cFa is driven by the pan-neural driver Scer\GAL4¹⁴⁰⁷.

When the peripheral gustatory nervous system is feminised by the expression of tra^Scer\UAS.cFa driven by Scer\GAL4^pros-V1 in males, although the morphology and location of the taste sensilla are unchanged, most of the sensilla exhibited type B female-specific electrophysiological responses to sucrose stimulation despite being in the same position as type C sensilla would be in wild-type control males: The genetic feminisation has specifically switched the sex-specificity of the S neuron in type B sensilla.

Compared to controls, male flies expressing ectopic tra^Scer\UAS.cFa driven by Scer\GAL4^53B show a decrease in courtship activity toward female targets.

Ectopic tra^Scer\UAS.cFa expression driven by Scer\GAL4^53B in male flies can induce a marked increase in homosexual courtship behaviour.

Expression of tra^Scer\UAS.cFa driven by Scer\GAL4^hs.PB reduces the amount of cuticular hydrocarbons by about 93% and renders both known and suspected sex pheromones undetectable in female flies. Over 95% of control males court decapitated tra^Scer\UAS.cFa,Scer\GAL4^hs.PB females, showing the full range of courtship, though the Courtship Index (CI) of these females is less than 2/3 of that of wild-type females. No reduction of CI is seen with intact living females of the same genotype. In heterospecific courtship tests with heatshocked tra^Scer\UAS.cFa,Scer\GAL4^hs.PB D.melanogaster females and D.sechellia, D.simulans, and D.mauritiana males, relatively high levels of courtship are seen - the CIs observed are consistently significantly higher than with non-heatshocked females. When heatshocked tra^Scer\UAS.cFa,Scer\GAL4^hs.PB D.melanogaster females are treated with D.melanogaster cuticular hydrocarbons, CIs are reduced to wild-type levels. When heatshocked tra^Scer\UAS.cFa,Scer\GAL4^hs.PB D.melanogaster females are treated with D.simulans cuticular hydrocarbons, CIs with wild-type D.melanogaster and D.sechellia males are reduced, CIs with wild-type D.simulans, and D.mauritiana males are increased. In single-pair cross interspecific mating tests between tra^Scer\UAS.cFa,Scer\GAL4^hs.PB D.melanogaster females and wild-type D.sechellia, D.simulans, and D.mauritiana males, mating frequencies are significantly increased from the 0% seen with wild-type females.

The courtship index of Canton S male flies in response to XY flies expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of a number of Scer\GAL4 lines (Scer\GAL4^53B, Scer\GAL4^10B, Scer\GAL4^32B, Scer\GAL4^30B or Scer\GAL4^6J3) is higher than that of Canton S male flies in response to control XY males. The courtship index of Tai male flies in response to XY flies expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^32B or Scer\GAL4^30B is higher than that of Tai male flies in response to control XY males.

Males expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^pros-V1 show very little courtship towards females and males, for both intact and decapitated target flies. These males rarely attempt to copulate with target flies of either sex. Females expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^pros-V1 are not significantly different from control females with respect to sexual receptivity and locomotor activity.

Males expressing tra^Scer\UAS.cFa under the control of Scer\GAL4^dsf.1.8 are externally normal, court females and are fertile when they copulate. However, when tested with males, they show elevated levels of male by male courtship.

Scer\GAL4^hs.PB-mediated expression between 12 and 48 hours of adult life causes feminisation of male pheromones. Female pheromones are produced up to 4 days later. Different patterns of regional feminisation in the male abdomen map synthesis of the pheromones to the oenocytes. Male courtship can vary from male heterosexual behaviour to some bisexual behaviour. tra^Scer\UAS.cFa; Scer\GAL4^oeA, tra^Scer\UAS.cFa; Scer\GAL4^oeB and tra^Scer\UAS.cFa; Scer\GAL4^oeC males secrete a mix of sex pheromones more similar to wild-type females than males and induce similar levels of courtship behaviour in wild-type males as wild-type females do. tra^Scer\UAS.cFa; Scer\GAL4^oeD or tra^Scer\UAS.cFa; Scer\GAL4^oeE males also secrete a feminised mix of sex pheromones and induce significantly higher levels of courtship behaviour in wild-type males than other wild-type males, but not as much as wild-type females do. In contrast, the mix of sex pheromones secreted by tra^Scer\UAS.cFa; Scer\GAL4^noeF or tra^Scer\UAS.cFa; Scer\GAL4^noe.G males is similar to that secreted by wild-type males. These males do not induce significantly higher levels of courtship behaviour in wild-type males than other wild-type males do.

Transformed males carrying Scer\GAL4^7B, Scer\GAL4^30B or Scer\GAL4^53B show a homosexual or bisexual attraction to wild type males.

Expression of tra in Scer\GAL4^c123a, Scer\GAL4^Tab2-201Y and Scer\GAL4^c739 males causes nondiscriminatory courtship. Scer\GAL4^c35 and Scer\GAL4^c739 lines show incomplete feminisation of the abdomen and genitalia.

Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu, tra^UAS.cFa has abnormal courtship behavior | male phenotype, non-enhanceable by fru[+]/fru^C

Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu, tra^UAS.cFa has abnormal courtship behavior | male phenotype, non-enhanceable by fru[+]/fru^F

Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu, tra^UAS.cFa has abnormal courtship behavior | male phenotype, suppressible by fru[+]/fru^Δtra

Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu, tra^UAS.cFa has abnormal courtship behavior | male phenotype, suppressible by fru[+]/fru^M

Scer\GAL4^103Y, tra^UAS.cFa has abnormal locomotor behavior | male phenotype, suppressible by oc¹

Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu, tra^UAS.cFa has abnormal courtship behavior | male phenotype, non-suppressible by fru[+]/fru^C

Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu, tra^UAS.cFa has abnormal courtship behavior | male phenotype, non-suppressible by fru[+]/fru^F

tra^UAS.cFa/Scer\GAL4^OK376 is an enhancer | male limited of abnormal mating rhythm phenotype of CheB42a^Δ5-68

tra^UAS.cFa/Scer\GAL4^OK376 is an enhancer | male limited of abnormal taste perception phenotype of CheB42a^Δ5-68

tra^UAS.cFa, Scer\GAL4^Lsp2.PH is a suppressor of partially lethal | male limited phenotype of Doa^EP3080, Scer\GAL4^Lsp2.PH

tra^UAS.cFa, Scer\GAL4^Lsp2.PH is a suppressor of some die during embryonic stage | male limited phenotype of Doa^EP3080, Scer\GAL4^Lsp2.PH

tra^UAS.cFa/Scer\GAL4^hs.PB is a suppressor | female limited of abnormal mating rhythm phenotype of CheB42a^Δ5-68

tra^UAS.cFa/Scer\GAL4^hs.PB is a suppressor | female limited of abnormal taste perception phenotype of CheB42a^Δ5-68