FB2024_03 , released June 25, 2024
Allele: Dmel\apmd544
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\apmd544
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
FlyBase ID
FBal0051787
Feature type
allele
Associated gene
Associated Insertion(s)
Carried in Construct
Also Known As
ap-GAL4, Apterous-Gal4, apGal4, apGAL4, apmd544-Gal4, apterous (ap)-GAL4, ap::Gal4, ap-GAL4MD544, (ap)-GAL4, apterousGAL4
Key Links
Nature of the Allele
Progenitor genotype
Associated Insertion(s)
Cytology
Description

P{EP} insertion is in reverse orientation relative to the direction of transcription.

Allele components
Component
Use(s)
Inserted element
Mutations Mapped to the Genome
Curation Data
Type
Location
Additional Notes
References
Variant Molecular Consequences
Associated Sequence Data
DNA sequence
Protein sequence
 
Expression Data
Reporter Expression
Additional Information
Statement
Reference
 
Marker for
Reflects expression of
Reporter construct used in assay
Human Disease Associations
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
Disease
Evidence
References
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
Disease
Interaction
References
Comments on Models/Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
 
Disease-implicated variant(s)
 
Phenotypic Data
Phenotypic Class
Phenotype Manifest In
Detailed Description
Statement
Reference

apmd544/+ imaginal discs show random apoptosis in the wing pouch that is higher in the dorsal region of the developing wing, but that does not seem to affect the morphology of the adult, because those wings are morphologically normal.

In apUGO35/apmd544 and in apmd544/Df(2R)nap1 flies, the fourth tarsal segment is almost completely lost. The remnant is fused to the fifth tarsal segment. Other segments are normal.

Mutant animals show a weak phenotype in the wing disc, the dorsal ventral affinity boundary is disrupted. The phenotype is stronger in aprK568/apmd544 animals and stronger still with apUGO35/apmd544.

Neurons which normally express ap (Ap neurons) are still present and extend axons in apP44/apmd544 embryonic brains. However, Ap brain interneurons show defasciculation and pathfinding defects in these animals. The most severe defects are seen in the deutocerebrum, where the two pairs of Ap neuronal cell bodies are positioned incorrectly. These neurons do not appear to undergo the movements seen in wild-type embryos and never become localised on the inner surface of the developing deutocerebrum, instead remaining on the outer surface, with their axons projecting aberrantly along the frontal commissure of the stomatogastric nervous system or in rare cases along the recurrent nerve. The cell bodies of the Ap neurons in the protocerebrum appear to be positioned properly and have a normal size and shape, but many of their commissural axons fail to form commissural fascicles correctly and often leave their commissural bundle and cross over to grow along a neighbouring fascicle. This defect is seen in 30% of cases. Ap neurons that innervate the ring gland have normal axonal projection patterns. Fas2-expressing commissural fascicles are indistinguishable from wild type.

apmd544/apUGO35 wing discs do not form a smooth boundary between dorsal and ventral cells.

The wing margin is reduced and the wing is considerably smaller than normal in apmd544/apUGO35 flies. When present, wing margin bristles have ventral identity.

The D/V compartment boundary of aprK568/apmd544 wing discs is highly irregular (in contrast to wild type). The resulting adult wings are almost completely eliminated and show no evidence of a wing margin. apts78j/apmd544 flies show a nearly complete loss of wings at 25oC.

apmd544/apUGO35 fail to develop normal wings.

Transheterozygotes with Df(2R)nap1 show fusion of tarsus 4 with 5, reduction and deformity or loss of tarsus 4. Tarsus four and five fusions appear with lower frequency and expressivity in apUGO35/apmd544 transheterozygotes.

apmd544/apUGO35 flies have immature ovaries, are sterile, die within 24-72 hours of eclosion and have no wings. apmd544/apts78j flies grown at 25oC have wings that lack most of the wing margin but have good proximo-distal growth. apmd544/apts78j flies grown at 25oC have wings that lack most of the wing margin but have good proximo-distal growth. The addition of apHA-B.Scer\UAS severely reduces proximo-distal growth and wing size.

In apmd544/apP44 embryos, all neurons that normally express ap survive and extend axons, but these axons display pathfinding errors in nearly every segment, including defasciculation of axon bundles, aberrant pathway selection within the longitudinal connectives, occasional misrouting across the midline and stalling.

apmd544/apUGO35 flies show reduction of the wing and complete loss of wing margin. apmd544/apUGO35 wing discs have small wing pouches.

apmd544/apUGO35 flies lack wings, halteres and the scutellum region of the notum. The flies are sterile and have a lifespan of 1-3 days after eclosion.

Heterozygotes have no wing defects. apmd544/apP44 flies have no wings but often have a ribbon- or nub-like outgrowth that lacks any recognisable structures.

apP44/apmd544 embryos show proper positioning of the thoracic ventrolateral clusters in the central nervous system and their axonal bundles appear normal.

apmd544/apP44 flies have no wings, although they often have a ribbon-like outgrowth in the wing region that lacks any recognisable structures. Homozygous adults are sterile, uncoordinated and have a reduced lifespan. Axon pathfinding errors are seen in the central nervous system of apmd544/apP44 embryos; neurons that normally express ap wander within the longitudinal connective and fail to fasciculate with one another. apmd544/apts78j flies have defective wing margins and unfused wing surfaces at 18oC. Introduction of apΔHD.Scer\UAS into this background (expressed under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544) eliminates the wing blade altogether.

External Data
Interactions
Show genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors
Phenotypic Class
Suppressed by
Statement
Reference

apmd544 has lethal | recessive phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ap-md544/lncRNA:HsrωRNAi.Sym.UAS/ lncRNA:Hsromega [+]

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by cicEP3-1005/Scer\GAL4ap-md544

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ap-md544/nufEP3-1715

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by SlhEP2-18/Scer\GAL4ap-md544

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by lilliEP2-27/Scer\GAL4ap-md544

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by cbtEP2-408/Scer\GAL4ap-md544

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by nmdEP2-446

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by sbbEP2-473/Scer\GAL4ap-md544

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by drprEP2-867

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ap-md544/chmEP2-1069

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ap-md544/shnEP2-1279

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ap-md544/apEP2-1583

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by shnEP2-1743/Scer\GAL4ap-md544

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ap-md544/Pcif1EP3-28

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ap-md544/osaEP3-473

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ap-md544/fngEP3-511

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by skdEP3-532

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ap-md544/fngEP3-581

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ap-md544/osaEP3-619

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ap-md544/osaEP3-900

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ap-md544/osaEP3-1386

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by osaEP3-1591/Scer\GAL4ap-md544

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by pntEP3-853/Scer\GAL4ap-md544

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4ap-md544/pntEP3-1638

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has visible phenotype, suppressible by pntEP3-1859/Scer\GAL4ap-md544

NOT suppressed by
Enhancer of
Statement
Reference

ap[+]/apmd544 is an enhancer of visible phenotype of Bx1

Other
Phenotype Manifest In
Suppressed by
Statement
Reference

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has wing margin phenotype, suppressible by nmdEP2-446

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has wing margin phenotype, suppressible by drprEP2-867

Bx1, ap[+]/apmd544 has wing margin phenotype, suppressible by skdEP3-532

NOT suppressed by
Statement
Reference
Enhancer of
Statement
Reference

ap[+]/apmd544 is an enhancer of wing margin phenotype of Bx1

Other
Statement
Reference

Scer\GAL4ap-md544, apmd544/apts78j, fngUAS.cKa, mewUAS.cWa has alula & macrochaeta | supernumerary phenotype

Scer\GAL4ap-md544, apmd544/apts78j, fngUAS.cKa, mewUAS.cWa has sensillum campaniformium | supernumerary & wing vein L3 | ventral phenotype

Additional Comments
Genetic Interactions
Statement
Reference

Overexpression of BM-40-SPARCScer\UAS.cPa under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544 fails to suppress the increased apoptosis in apmd544/+ wing discs.

Overexpression of thScer\UAS.cHa under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544 suppresses the increased apoptosis in apmd544/+ wing discs.

Flies expressing fngScer\UAS.cKa under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544 in a aprK568/apmd544 background have ventralised halteres. In addition, the halteres form dark-pigmented bristles that are similar to those formed at the wing margin.

Bx1/Y ; apmd544/+ males have a strong wing scalloping phenotype.

apmd544/+ enhances the severity of the Bx1 wing scalloping phenotype.

apmd544/+ does not cause any visible leg phenotypes in combination with Chig371/+, Chig96.1/+ or Chie5.5/+. ap::ChiΔLID.ΔLIM.Scer\UAS.T:Hsap\MYC; Scer\GAL4ap-md544 suppresses fusion of tarsal segments 4 and 5 in apUGO35/apmd544 flies. ap::Lim3Scer\UAS.cOa; Scer\GAL4ap-md544 suppresses fusion of tarsal segments 4 and 5 in apUGO35/apmd544 flies.

Expression of capsScer\UAS.cSa under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544 restores the smooth interface between dorsal and ventral cells in apmd544/apUGO35 wing discs. The boundary between the dorsal and ventral cells is still irregular in apmd544/apUGO35 wing discs expressing trnScer\UAS.cMa under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544. Expression of ConScer\UAS.cRa or fngEP3082 under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544 does not restore a smooth boundary between the dorsal and ventral cells in apmd544/apUGO35 wing discs.

Expression of DrScer\UAS.cIa under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544 in apmd544/apUGO35 flies does not restore outgrowth of the wing, although the few margin bristles seen in the dorsal surface of these wings have dorsal identity. Growth of the wing and wing margin formation can be restored in apmd544/apUGO35 flies expressing fngEP3082 under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544. Both surfaces of the wing differentiate ventral structures; the anterior wing margin and alula differentiate ventral bristles on both surfaces and the pattern of vein corrugation is ventral. Co-expression of fngEP3082 and DrScer\UAS.cIa under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544 in apmd544/apUGO35 flies results in dorsal differentiation in bristles of the dorsal anterior wing margin.

A sharp boundary between dorsal and ventral cells is restored in aprK568/apmd544 wing discs expressing fngScer\UAS.cKa under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544.

No violations of the compartment boundary are seen. The resulting adult flies have wings of roughly normal size with clearly demarcated wing margin. The rescued wing margin is ventralised; dorsal-specific sensory bristles are completely missing along the anterior margin and cells on both sides of the margin secrete ventral bristle types. The dorsal and ventral wing surfaces are not adhered to each other, resulting in a balloon-like structure.

apUGO35/apmd544 flies expressing fngScer\UAS.cKa under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544 do not have wing margin defects.

Coexpression of mewScer\UAS.cWa and fngScer\UAS.cKa under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544 partially rescues the apts78j/apmd544 wing phenotype; the overall size and shape, apposition of the two surfaces, position of the wing margin and pattern of the wing veins are remarkably normal. However, these wings consist entirely of ventral cell types. Firstly, the rescued wing margins lack the dorsal-specific bristles types and instead have ventral bristle types on both surfaces. Secondly, the wings have many more alula bristles than normal (which in wild-type are derived only from the ventral surface). Thirdly, a mechanosensory campaniform sensillum that is normally located only on the ventral surface of vein L3 is duplicated and present on both surfaces of the rescued wing. Finally, the morphology of the wing veins indicate that they are entirely of ventral identity (the veins show a ventral corrugation pattern on both surfaces of the wing).

A sharp boundary between dorsal and ventral cells is restored in aprK568/apmd544 wing discs expressing fngScer\UAS.cKa under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544. No violations of the compartment boundary are seen. The resulting adult flies have wings of roughly normal size with clearly demarcated wing margin. The rescued wing margin is ventralised; dorsal-specific sensory bristles are completely missing along the anterior margin and cells on both sides of the margin secrete ventral bristle types. The dorsal and ventral wing surfaces are not adhered to each other, resulting in a balloon-like structure. apUGO35/apmd544 flies expressing fngScer\UAS.cKa under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544 do not have wing margin defects. Coexpression of mewScer\UAS.cWa and fngScer\UAS.cKa under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544 partially rescues the apts78j/apmd544 wing phenotype; the overall size and shape, apposition of the two surfaces, position of the wing margin and pattern of the wing veins are remarkably normal. However, these wings consist entirely of ventral cell types. Firstly, the rescued wing margins lack the dorsal-specific bristles types and instead have ventral bristle types on both surfaces. Secondly, the wings have many more alula bristles than normal (which in wild-type are derived only from the ventral surface). Thirdly, a mechanosensory campaniform sensillum that is normally located only on the ventral surface of vein L3 is duplicated and present on both surfaces of the rescued wing. Finally, the morphology of the wing veins indicate that they entirely of ventral identity (the veins show a ventral corrugation pattern on both surfaces of the wing).

No increase in axon guidance defects is seen in apmd544/Chie5.5 transheterozygotes compared to apmd544/+ or Chie5.5/+ embryos. ap::ChiΔLID.ΔLIM.Scer\UAS.T:Hsap\MYC rescues pathway recognition and axon fasciculation in a majority of segments in apmd544/apP44 embryos when expressed under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544. The axon guidance defects seen in apmd544/apP44 embryos are not rescued by coexpression of apΔLIM.Scer\UAS and ChiΔLID.Scer\UAS.T:Hsap\MYC under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544. The axon defects seen in Chie5.5 apmd544/apP44 double mutants are completely rescued by ap::ChiΔLID.ΔLIM.Scer\UAS.T:Hsap\MYC expressed under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544.

apmd544/apP44 flies show wing defects. This phenotype is suppressed by expression of apScer\UAS.cMa or ap::ChiChAp.Scer\UAS under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544.

Expression of SerScer\UAS.cSa under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544 in apmd544/apUGO35 flies restores the wing margin and supports growth of the wing. Patches of ectopic wing margin are found in both surfaces of the rescued wings and overgrowth of the wing can be seen. Expression of fngEP3082 under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544 rescues the phenotype of apmd544/apUGO35 flies. Patches of ectopic wing margin form and can be associated with outgrowth of the wing. Groups of cells appear to violate the dorsoventral boundary in apmd544/apUGO35 wing discs which are also expressing SerScer\UAS.cSa under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544. The mispositioned patches of dorsal or ventral cells form relatively smooth interfaces with surrounding cells. Cells appear to violate the dorsoventral boundary in apmd544/apUGO35 wing discs which are also expressing fngEP3082 under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544. Expression of both SerScer\UAS.cSa and fngEP3082 under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544 in apmd544/apUGO35 flies results in well-developed wings which differentiate ventral features on both surfaces; the wing margin, veins and sense organs on the topologically dorsal surface have exclusively ventral identity.

Lim3Scer\UAS.cOa expressed under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544 partially rescues both the wing and embryonic central nervous system phenotype of apmd544/apP44 animals at 18oC and 25oC respectively. The wing, sterility and uncoordinated behaviour phenotypes of apmd544/apP44 flies are rescued by ap::Lim3Scer\UAS.cOa expressed under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544 to the same extent as the rescue seen by apScer\UAS.cOa. In contrast, the axon pathfinding phenotype of apmd544/apP44 embryos is only partially rescued by ap::Lim3Scer\UAS.cOa expressed under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544.

Xenogenetic Interactions
Statement
Reference

apmd544/apUGO35 flies rescued by the expression of Hsap\LHX2Scer\UAS.cRa under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544 often develop one to two extra bristles in the scutellum. The phenotypes of apmd544/apUGO35 flies are rescued by Hsap\LHX2Scer\UAS.cRa expressed under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544. apmd544/apUGO35 flies rescued by the expression of Hsap\LHX2Scer\UAS.cRa under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544 often develop one to two extra bristles in the scutellum.

Complementation and Rescue Data
Comments

Reduction and fusion of the fourth tarsal segment in apmd544/Df(2R)nap1 animals is rescued by apScer\UAS.cOa.

A single copy of apScer\UAS.cOa expressed under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544 almost completely rescues the wing phenotype of apmd544/apP44 flies; the wing blade is normal in size, with a normal margin and vein pattern, but is held at right angles away from the body. The sterility and uncoordinated behaviour phenotypes of apmd544/apP44 flies are also rescued and the central nervous system defects of embryos are rescued. The adult and embryonic phenotypes of apmd544/apP44 animals are not rescued by apΔLIM.Scer\UAS expressed under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544. The ribbon-like outgrowth seen in apmd544/apP44 flies is entirely eliminated in flies expressing apΔHD.Scer\UAS under the control of Scer\GAL4ap-md544.

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Mutant
Wild-type
Stocks (4)
Notes on Origin
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External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 0 )
Synonyms and Secondary IDs (7)
References (29)