FB2024_03 , released June 25, 2024
Gene: Dmel\cas
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\cas
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
castor
Annotation Symbol
CG2102
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0004878
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
18 publicly available
Gene Summary
castor (cas) encodes a transcription factor expressed in the latest stage of embryonic neuroblast lineages. It represses the prior redundant genes, pdm2 nub, and precedes the expression of grh. [Date last reviewed: 2018-09-13] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

ming, l(3)neo33

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
83C1-83C1
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-47.5
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:5712975..5716805
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (19 terms)
Molecular Function (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables DNA binding
inferred from direct assay
(Kambadur et al., 1998)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000278753
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity
non-traceable author statement
(Mellerick et al., 1992)
enables RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000278753
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (14 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (9 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in central nervous system development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Mellerick et al., 1992)
involved_in generation of neurons
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Tran et al., 2010)
involved_in glial cell development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(von Hilchen et al., 2008)
involved_in mushroom body development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Hitier et al., 2001)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:nob; FB:FBgn0002946
(Hitier et al., 2001)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:drl; FB:FBgn0015380
(Hitier et al., 2001)
involved_in negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Kambadur et al., 1998)
involved_in neuroblast development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Tsuji et al., 2008)
involved_in post-embryonic development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Hitier et al., 2001)
involved_in regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Bahrampour et al., 2017)
involved_in ventral cord development
inferred from high throughput mutant phenotype
(Bivik et al., 2015)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in ganglion mother cell fate determination
traceable author statement
(Skeath and Thor, 2003)
involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000278753
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in regulation of development, heterochronic
non-traceable author statement
(Abbott, 2003)
involved_in regulation of DNA-templated transcription
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR040373
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
non-traceable author statement
(Mellerick et al., 1992)
involved_in regulation of neuron differentiation
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000278753
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in ventral cord development
non-traceable author statement
(Skeath and Thor, 2003)
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Kambadur et al., 1998)
inferred from direct assay
(Dai et al., 2017)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000278753
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in nucleus
non-traceable author statement
(Mellerick et al., 1992)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
castor (cas) encodes a transcription factor expressed in the latest stage of embryonic neuroblast lineages. It represses the prior redundant genes, pdm2 nub, and precedes the expression of grh. [Date last reviewed: 2018-09-13]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
C2H2 ZINC FINGER TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS -
Zinc finger C2H2 transcription factors are sequence-specific DNA binding proteins that regulate transcription. They possess DNA-binding domains that are formed from repeated Cys2His2 zinc finger motifs. (Adapted from PMID:1835093, FBrf0220103 and FBrf0155739).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Transcription factor that specifies expression of key genes in developing central nervous system (CNS). Essential for many, if not all, late developing neuroblastoma (NB) sublineages. Binds to the 5'-[CG]C[CT][CT]AAAAA[AT]-3' DNA sequence, like hb, suggesting that cas and hb act as a late regulators in early and late CNS NB sublineage, respectively. Acts by repressing expression of nub/pdm-1 and pdm2/pdm-2 POU genes, and restrict their pattern of expression in appropriate cells. Required for a full expression of vvl/drifter and acj6/I-POU; it is however unknown whether it directly activates these genes. Controls engrailed (en) expression in the ventral nerve chord.
(UniProt, Q7M3M8)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

transcription factor - zinc finger - temporal network regulator the development of late CNS sublineages - a genetic cascade involving klumpfuss, nab and castor specifies the abdominal leucokinergic neurons in the Drosophila CNS - Pdm and Castor close successive temporal identity windows in the NB3-1 lineage - triggers genes in a specific lineage that act to sub-divide the broader Cas window

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\cas for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q7M3M8)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.47

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
cas-RA
FBtr0078725
NM_079938
3151
793
cas-RC
FBtr0339518
NM_001275371
2845
691
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

3.3 (northern blot)

(Cui and Doe, 1992)

3.7 (northern blot)

(Mellerick et al., 1992)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
cas-PA
FBpp0078374
87.9
793
7.22
Q7M3M8
NP_524677
AAF51966
cas-PC
FBpp0308601
76.9
691
7.25
A0A0B4KF48
NP_001262300
AGB95683
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

799 (aa); 88 (kD)

(Mellerick et al., 1992)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\cas using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.25

Transcript Expression
No Assay Recorded
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
midline glial cell
(Mellerick et al., 1992)
neuroblast NB3-2
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB2-1
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast MNB
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
ganglion mother cell
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB5-3
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB3-4
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
ventral midline of embryo
(Mellerick et al., 1992)
neuroblast NB6-1
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB5-1
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
procephalic neurogenic region
(Mellerick et al., 1992)
neuroblast NB7-2
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB2-4
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
neuroblast NB1-1
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB4-1
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast
(Cui and Doe, 1992, Mellerick et al., 1992)
neuroblast NB2-3
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB7-1
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB3-1
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB7-4
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB5-2
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
ventral midline of embryo
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB5-6
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB3-3
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
central nervous system | restricted
(Mellerick et al., 1992)
supraesophageal ganglion
(Mellerick et al., 1992)
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 4
organism | ventral
• nucleus | subset
(Lecuyer et al., 2007)
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
anlage in statu nascendi
(Fisher et al., 2012)
mesectoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | gap expression pattern
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | faint | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral ectoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 5
organism | 10-40% egg length

Comment: 12-35% egg length

(Mellerick et al., 1992)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
antennal anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal head epidermis anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
visual anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
mesectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | gap expression pattern
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral nerve cord primordium

Comment: reported as ventral nerve cord anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9
neuroblast
• nucleus
(Lecuyer et al., 2007)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
antennal primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
visual primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
lateral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
mesectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral nerve cord primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 12
midline primordium | subset
(Kearney et al., 2004)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
central brain primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic central brain glial cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic ganglion mother cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic neuroblast of ventral nerve cord primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
lateral cord glial cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
lateral cord neuron
(Fisher et al., 2012)
midline primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
procephalic neuroblast
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral nerve cord primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
embryonic brain
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic central brain
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic central brain glial cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic central brain neuron
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval nervous system
(Fisher et al., 2012)
lateral cord glial cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
lateral cord neuron
(Fisher et al., 2012)
larval ventral nerve cord
(Fisher et al., 2012)
Additional Descriptive Data

cas transcripts are first detected at stage 9 in a subset of midline cells. Slightly later, one neuroblast in every hemisegment expresses cas. By late stage 11, cas transcripts are expressed in 17 identified neuroblasts in every hemisegment of the CNS. Transcript levels decrease by stage 14 and are undetectable by stage 16. Transcripts are detected only in midline cells, ganglion mother cells and neuroblasts and not in the neurogenic ectoderm or neurons.

(Cui and Doe, 1992)

The highest levels of cas mRNA expression coincide with embryonic CNS development but low levels can be detected in third instar larvae and adults. Expression occurs in a restricted set of neuroblasts and glia in the cephalic regions and the ventral nerve cord. Expression is seen in both the lateral CNS and the midline and the midline expression shows an anterior to posterior gradient.

(Mellerick et al., 1992)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 9
neuroblast
(Lecuyer et al., 2007)
midline primordium
(Wheeler et al., 2006)
embryonic stage 9 -- 11
procephalic neurogenic region | restricted
(Urbach and Technau, 2003)
tritocerebral neuroblast | subset
(Urbach and Technau, 2003)
protocerebral neuroblast | subset
(Urbach and Technau, 2003)
deutocerebral neuroblast | subset
(Urbach and Technau, 2003)
embryonic stage 11
neuroblast NB1-2
(Chang et al., 2000)
neuroblast NB2-1
(Chang et al., 2000)
neuroblast NB3-2
(Chang et al., 2000)
neuroblast NB3-3
(Chang et al., 2000)
neuroblast NB3-4
(Chang et al., 2000)
neuroblast NB4-1
(Chang et al., 2000)
neuroblast NB5-1
(Chang et al., 2000)
neuroblast NB5-2
(Chang et al., 2000)
neuroblast NB5-3
(Chang et al., 2000)
neuroblast NB6-1
(Chang et al., 2000)
neuroblast NB7-1
(Chang et al., 2000)
neuroblast NB7-2
(Chang et al., 2000)
neuroblast NB7-4
(Chang et al., 2000)
stage 3 neuroblast
(Chang et al., 2000)
stage 4 neuroblast
(Chang et al., 2000)
stage 5 neuroblast
(Chang et al., 2000)
VUM precursor | subset
(Wheeler et al., 2006)
embryonic posterior midline glial cell
(Wheeler et al., 2006)
neuroblast MNB
(Wheeler et al., 2006)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
neuroblast NB3-3 of embryonic abdomen
(Tsuji et al., 2008)
embryonic stage 11 -- 13
neuroblast NB3-3 of embryonic thorax
(Tsuji et al., 2008)
thoracic neuroblast NB5-6 | subset of embryonic mesothoracic segment
(Ulvklo et al., 2012)
thoracic neuroblast NB5-6 | subset of embryonic metathoracic segment
(Ulvklo et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 12 -- 13
neuroblast NB5-5
(Benito-Sipos et al., 2010)
embryonic stage 13
larval VUM motor neuron | subset
(Wheeler et al., 2006)
larval VUM interneuron | subset
(Wheeler et al., 2006)
lineage MNB primary interneuron
(Wheeler et al., 2006)
embryonic stage 13 -- 14
neuroblast NB3-3 of embryonic abdomen
(Tsuji et al., 2008)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
larval A-subperineurial glial cell

Comment: in 10-50% of examined hemisegments

(Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008)
lateral ventral subperineurial glial cell

Comment: in 10-50% of examined hemisegments

(Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008)
dorsal channel glial cell

Comment: in 10-50% of examined hemisegments

(Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008)
ventral channel glial cell

Comment: in 10-50% of examined hemisegments

(Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008)
embryonic/larval neuron
(Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008)
embryonic stage 14 -- 17
thoracic neuroblast NB5-6
(Karlsson et al., 2010)
embryonic stage 15 -- second instar larval stage
neuroblast NB3-3 of thorax
(Tsuji et al., 2008)
embryonic stage 16
larval LL1 motor neuron
(Touma et al., 2012)
apterous-expressing neuron of the lateral cluster of the thorax | subset
(Losada-Pérez et al., 2013)
embryonic stage 16 -- 17
embryonic/larval central nervous system | restricted
(Hitier et al., 2001)
embryonic stage 17
larval VUM motor neuron | subset
(Wheeler et al., 2006)
larval VUM interneuron | subset
(Wheeler et al., 2006)
lineage MNB primary interneuron
(Wheeler et al., 2006)
larval EL neuron | subset
(Touma et al., 2012)
first instar larval stage
larval lateral horn Leucokinin neuron
(Herrero et al., 2014)
second instar larval stage
intermediate neuronal progenitor
(Chai et al., 2013)
neuroblast
(Chai et al., 2013)
third instar larval stage
embryonic/larval central nervous system | restricted
(Hitier et al., 2001)
prepupal stage P1 -- pupal stage P6
central nervous system | restricted
(Hitier et al., 2001)
oogenesis & adult stage | female
follicle cell of germarium
(Chang et al., 2013)
polar follicle cell
(Johnston et al., 2016, Ulmschneider et al., 2016, Chang et al., 2013)
stalk follicle cell
(Johnston et al., 2016, Ulmschneider et al., 2016, Chang et al., 2013)
adult stage | female & oogenesis
follicle stem cell
(Johnston et al., 2016, Chang et al., 2013)
prefollicle cell
(Johnston et al., 2016, Ulmschneider et al., 2016)
Additional Descriptive Data

cas protein is expressed in follicle stem cells, interfollicle (stalk) cells, and polar follicle cells, but not oocyte associated (main body) follicle cells.

(Johnston et al., 2016)

cas protein is expressed during oogenesis in prefollicle cells, and in interfollicle (stalk) cells, and polar follicle cells.

(Ulmschneider et al., 2016)

Neuroblast NB3-3 produces a series of interneurons, including a cluster of 11 eve-positive interneurons (the Eve-lateral or EL neurons). Kr is expressed at the first division of NB3-3 and specifies an eve-negative interneuron, followed by production of the 11 EL neurons, six of which are at least partially specified by cas.

(Touma et al., 2012)

cas is expressed in the NB5-6 lineage in thoracic and abdominal segments and in all more anterior segments in a late temporal window.

(Karlsson et al., 2010)

cas is seen to be expressed in two waves in the thoracic neuroblast NB3-3, not being detected in late embryonic stage 13 to late embryonic stage 14. However, in the abdominal neuroblast NB3-3 the first wave ends earlier (end of stage 12), and the second wave both begins and ends earlier (late stage 13 to early stage 14).

(Tsuji et al., 2008)

Expression assayed at stages 9, 11, 13, and 17. Expression may be continuous between assayed stages in some tissues.

(Wheeler et al., 2006)

Expression in procephalic neuroblasts stage 9-11: tritocerebrum - d2, d4, v4; deuterocerebrum - d1, d2, d4-7,v3, v6-8; protocerebrum - ad5, ad6, ad8-11, ad13, ad16-18, av1, cd2-4, cd6-8, cd10-21, cv1-4, cv6-9, pd1-14, pd17-19, pv1, pv3

(Urbach and Technau, 2003)

In larvae, cas is expressed in disseminated cells on the ventral side of the VNC. On the dorsal side of the third instar larval brain, cas is expressed in five linearly organised cell clusters on both sides of the interhemispheric junction. Expression of cas gradually disappears from the CNS during pupation, and no clear signal is seen in adult brain.

(Hitier et al., 2001)
Marker for
 
larval LL1 motor neuron
(Touma et al., 2012)
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Kambadur et al., 1998)
inferred from direct assay
(Dai et al., 2017)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: P{cas-GAL4.6}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 10 -- 13
embryonic neuroblast | subset
(Brody et al., 2012)
Reporter: P{cas-GAL4.8}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 10 -- 13
embryonic neuroblast | subset
(Brody et al., 2012)
wandering third instar larval stage
subesophageal zone neuron | subset
(Brody et al., 2012)
Reporter: P{GAL4}cas3921
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 12 -- 17
embryonic peripheral glial cell 6
(von Hilchen et al., 2008)
embryonic peripheral glial cell 8
(von Hilchen et al., 2008)
embryonic stage 16 -- 17
embryonic/larval central nervous system | restricted
(Hitier et al., 2001)
pupal stage
central nervous system | restricted
(Hitier et al., 2001)
adult stage
adult central nervous system | restricted
(Hitier et al., 2001)
ellipsoid body | restricted
(Hitier et al., 2001)
fan-shaped body | restricted
(Hitier et al., 2001)
adult pars intercerebralis | restricted
(Hitier et al., 2001)
Reporter: P{lacW}cas1530
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
ganglion mother cell
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
central nervous system
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
embryonic stage 10 -- 11
neuroblast NB6-1
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
embryonic stage 11
neuroblast NB7-1

Comment: late stage 11

(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB2-3

Comment: late stage 11

(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB3-3

Comment: late stage 11

(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB3-1

Comment: late stage 11

(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB4-1
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB5-3

Comment: late stage 11

(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB2-1
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
embryonic stage
ventral midline of embryo
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
embryonic stage 9 -- 11
deutocerebral neuroblast | subset
(Urbach and Technau, 2003)
tritocerebral neuroblast | subset
(Urbach and Technau, 2003)
procephalic neurogenic region | restricted
(Urbach and Technau, 2003)
protocerebral neuroblast | subset
(Urbach and Technau, 2003)
embryonic stage 10 -- 11
neuroblast NB7-4
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB1-1
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
embryonic stage 11
neuroblast MNB
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB5-1

Comment: late stage 11

(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB3-2

Comment: late stage 11

(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB5-6

Comment: late stage 11

(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB2-4

Comment: late stage 11

(Cui and Doe, 1992)
neuroblast NB3-4
(Cui and Doe, 1992)
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\cas in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 1-3
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 7-8
  • Stages(s) 9-10
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 29 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 16 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of cas
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of cas
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 6 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU
lethal | male, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PF, Scer\GAL4ey.PH
lethal | male limited, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
lethal | recessive
lethal - all die during embryonic stage | recessive
lethal - all die during larval stage (with castKb)
lethal - all die during larval stage (with casΔ1)
partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal flight, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
abnormal neuroanatomy
abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage
abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E
abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4pros.PMG
decreased cell number | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E
increased cell number | embryonic stage
increased occurrence of cell division | embryonic stage
increased occurrence of cell division | larval stage
some die during embryonic stage | recessive
some die during first instar larval stage (with castKb)
some die during first instar larval stage (with casΔ1)
some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
some die during second instar larval stage (with castKb)
some die during second instar larval stage (with casΔ1)
visible, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
visible | female limited, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
adult mushroom body (with cas290)
adult mushroom body (with cas3921)
adult mushroom body | cell non-autonomous | somatic clone
adult mushroom body | somatic clone
adult mushroom body beta'-lobe (with cas290)
adult mushroom body beta'-lobe (with cas3921)
adult mushroom body beta'-lobe | cell non-autonomous | somatic clone
adult mushroom body beta-lobe (with cas290)
adult mushroom body beta-lobe (with cas3921)
adult mushroom body beta-lobe | cell non-autonomous | somatic clone
apterous-expressing neuron of the lateral cluster of the thorax
apterous-expressing neuron of the lateral cluster of the thorax Ap4
ellipsoid body | cell non-autonomous | somatic clone
ellipsoid body | somatic clone
embryonic peripheral glial cell 6
embryonic peripheral glial cell 8
eye, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PF, Scer\GAL4ey.PH
larval central brain
larval DA3 motor neuron, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E
larval DA3 motor neuron, with Scer\GAL4pros.PMG
larval DA3 motor neuron | increased number
larval EL neuron | embryonic stage | increased number
larval LL1 motor neuron, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E
larval LL1 motor neuron, with Scer\GAL4pros.PMG
larval posterior commissure
macrochaeta, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
mesothoracic tergum, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
neuroblast
neuroblast NB3-3 | embryonic stage
presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system
subesophageal zone neuron
subesophageal zone neuron, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
thoracic neuroblast | embryonic stage
thoracic neuroblast NB5-6 | increased number
trichogen cell, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
U neuron | decreased number | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E
U neuron | embryonic stage | increased number
wing, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
wing | female limited, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
Hsap\CASZ1
5 of 14
Yes
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
Rnor\Casz1
5 of 14
Yes
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
Mmus\Casz1
4 of 14
Yes
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (2)
Xtro\casz1
3 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\mrps23
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (1)
Drer\casz1
4 of 14
Yes
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (2)
Cele\K05F1.13
2 of 14
Yes
No
Cele\lect-2
1 of 14
No
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP009561
1 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:cas. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (1)
CG7512
5 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    casUAS.cKa
    exacerbates  brain cancer
    modeled by prosJF02308
    (Gaultier et al., 2022)
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    CASZ1; castor zinc finger 1
    5 of 14
    609895
        Functional Complementation Data
        Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
        Interactions
        Summary of Physical Interactions
        esyN Network Diagram
        Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
        Show/hide secondary interactors 
        (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
        Select Layout:
        Legend:
        Protein
        RNA
        Selected Interactor(s)
        Other Interaction Browsers
        View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
        Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
        protein-protein
        Physical Interaction
        Assay
        References
        cas - Hr78
        two hybrid array
        (Shokri et al., 2019)
        cas - Ubx
        bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy
        (Bischof et al., 2018)
        cas - abd-A
        bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy
        (Bischof et al., 2018)
        Summary of Genetic Interactions
        esyN Network Diagram
        Show/hide secondary interactors 
        (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
        esyN Network Key:
        Suppression
        Enhancement
        Other Interaction Browsers
        View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
        Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        cas
        enhanceable
        Dcr-2
        (Dietzl et al., 2007)
        Antp|cas
        enhanceable
        E(spl)m8-HLH
        (Bivik et al., 2016)
        cas
        suppressible
        nab|sqz
        (Tsuji et al., 2008)
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        abd-A
        suppressible
        cas
        (Maurange et al., 2008)
        Cph
        suppressible
        cas
        (Fox et al., 2022)
        drl
        enhanceable
        cas
        (Hitier et al., 2001)
        E(spl)m8-HLH
        enhanceable
        cas|Antp
        (Bivik et al., 2016)
        hb
        suppressible
        cas
        (Tran et al., 2010)
        External Data
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Pathways
        Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
        Metabolic Pathways
        External Data
        Linkouts
        Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
        Chromosome (arm)
        3R
        Recombination map
        3-47.5
        Cytogenetic map
        83C1-83C1
        Sequence location
        FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Evidence for location
        83C1-83C1
        Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}Atus1938 and P{lacW}casj1C2
        Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Notes
        References
        83C1-83C2
        (determined by in situ hybridisation)
        (Spradling et al., 1999)
        83C1-83C2
        (BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)
        83C-83C
        (determined by in situ hybridisation)
        (Cui and Doe, 1992, Mellerick et al., 1992, Cooley et al., 1988)
        Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
        Location

        3-47.5

        (FlyBase, 2016)

        3-44.1

        (Comeron et al., 2012)
        Left of (cM)
        Right of (cM)
        Notes
        Stocks and Reagents
        Stocks (18)
        Genomic Clones (15)
         

        Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

        cDNA Clones (23)
         

        Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

        cDNA clones, fully sequenced
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         

        polyclonal

        (Stratmann et al., 2016, Ross et al., 2015)
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments

            nub/pdm2 and cas regulate late-born motor neuron identity within the NB7-1 lineage; nub/pdm2 specifies fourth-born U4 motor neuron identity, while nub/pdm2/cas together specify fifth-born U5 motor neuron identity.

            (Grosskortenhaus et al., 2006)

            cas is involved in post-embryonic brain development.

            (Hitier et al., 2001)

            The embryonic CNS contains sequentially generated neuroblast sublineages that can be distinguished by their expression of either hb, nub or cas. hb and cas may directly silence nub expression in early and late developing sublineages, given that nub cis-regulatory DNA contains approximately 32 hb/cas-binding sites and its enhancer(s) are ectopically activated in cas- neuroblasts. Targeted misexpression of cas in all neuronal lineages reduces nub expression without altering hb expression. By ensuring correct POU gene expression boundaries hb and cas maintain temporal subdivisions in the cell-identity circuitry controlling CNS development.

            (Kambadur et al., 1998)

            cas, eve, unpg and ac are expressed in specific neuroblast sublineages. Expression studies using pbl and stg mutants suggest that neuroblasts have an intrinsic gene regulatory hierarchy controlling unpg and ac expression but that cell cycle- or cytokinesis-dependent mechanisms are required for cas and eve CNS expression.

            (Cui and Doe, 1995)

            Sequence analysis of cas demonstrates that cas encodes a putative zinc finger protein which shares homology with members of the TFIIIA superfamily.

            (Cui and Doe, 1992)

            cas was identified by an enhancer trap insertion expressed in a subset of neuroblasts at reproducible points in their cell lineage, and is proposed to control cell fate within neuroblast cell lineages. cas is required for the correct CNS expression of engrailed, and loss of cas function results in precise alterations in CNS gene expression, defects in axonogenesis and embryonic lethality.

            (Cui and Doe, 1992)

            Expression analysed in CNS study of neuroblasts and ganglion mother cells, using an enhancer trap to reveal the expression pattern.

            (Doe, 1992)

            cas encodes a putative transcription factor whose expression is required for normal development of a subset of neuronal precursors.

            (Mellerick et al., 1992)

            castor mutations cause loss of axonal density & aberrant engrailed expression late in CNS development.

            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of

            Source for merge of: cas l(3)neo33

            (Spradling et al., 1999)

            Source for merge of: cas CG2102

            (Bayraktaroglu, 2000.4.3)
            Additional comments
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology

            "ming" means "fate" in Chinese.

            (Cui and Doe, 1992)

            "plx" ("pollux") and "cas" ("castor") are named after the Greek mythological brothers due to their close apposition.

            (Mellerick et al., 1992)
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (9)
            Reported As
            Symbol Synonym
            CAS
            (Kimura and Imamoto, 2014)
            CG2102
            (Hosono et al., 2015, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009.3.31, Grieder et al., 2007)
            Cas
            (Lee et al., 2023, Pollington et al., 2023, Titlow et al., 2023, Hafer et al., 2022, Okuda et al., 2022, Ray et al., 2022, Rubio-Ferrera et al., 2022, Keegan and Hughes, 2021, Meng and Heckscher, 2021, Nässel, 2021, Rossi et al., 2021, Sood et al., 2021, Ding et al., 2020, Lopes et al., 2020, Maurange, 2020, Merkle et al., 2020, Yaghmaeian Salmani and Thor, 2020, Curt et al., 2019, Ramon-Cañellas et al., 2019, Bischof et al., 2018, Dai et al., 2017, Doe, 2017, Reichert, 2017, Ulmschneider et al., 2016, Yasugi and Nishimura, 2016, Ferrero et al., 2014, Lacin et al., 2014, Chai et al., 2013, Homem and Knoblich, 2012, Touma et al., 2012, Kohwi et al., 2011, Kao and Lee, 2010, Kitajima et al., 2010, Sawa, 2010, Sousa-Nunes et al., 2010, Wheeler et al., 2008, Wang et al., 2007, Wheeler et al., 2006, Skeath and Thor, 2003, Isshiki et al., 2001, Brody and Odnewald, 1999)
            cas
            (Ko et al., 2024, Deshpande et al., 2022, Fox et al., 2022, Gaultier et al., 2022, Qi et al., 2022, Slaidina et al., 2021, Brody et al., 2020, Díaz-de-la-Peña et al., 2020, Li and Hidalgo, 2020, Mira and Morante, 2020, Myasnikova and Spirov, 2020, Rust et al., 2020, Yoo et al., 2020, Hall et al., 2019, Oberst et al., 2019, Sapar and Han, 2019, Shokri et al., 2019, Bischof et al., 2018, Daniel et al., 2018, Gabilondo et al., 2018, Karaiskos et al., 2017, Stratmann and Thor, 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Gabilondo et al., 2016, Lee et al., 2016, Sarov et al., 2016, Stratmann et al., 2016, Zacharioudaki et al., 2016, Bivik et al., 2015, model organism Encyclopedia of Regulatory Network (modERN) Project, 2015-, Schertel et al., 2015, Ugrankar et al., 2015, Lai and Doe, 2014, Tatomer et al., 2014, Aleksic et al., 2013, Chai et al., 2013, Kwon et al., 2013, Brody et al., 2012, Kao et al., 2012, Kim et al., 2012, Kuzin et al., 2012, Ulvklo et al., 2012, Benito-Sipos et al., 2011, Hwang and Rulifson, 2011, Stagg et al., 2011, Ahn et al., 2010, Karlsson et al., 2010, Losada-Pérez et al., 2010, Nakajima et al., 2010, Tran et al., 2010, Aerts et al., 2009, Baumgardt et al., 2009, Kantorovitz et al., 2009, Park et al., 2009, Baumgardt et al., 2008, Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008, Christensen et al., 2008.4.15, Christensen et al., 2008.6.11, FlyBase Curators, 2008-, Maurange et al., 2008, Tran and Doe, 2008, Tsuji et al., 2008, von Hilchen et al., 2008, Dietzl et al., 2007, Grieder et al., 2007, Lecuyer et al., 2007, Stark et al., 2007, Grosskortenhaus et al., 2006, Almeida and Bray, 2005, Grosskortenhaus et al., 2005, Odenwald, 2005, Grad et al., 2004, Stanyon et al., 2004)
            l(3)j1C2
            l(3)neo33
            (Dorer et al., 1995, Meister and Braun, 1995.10, BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999, Cooley et al., 1988)
            ming
            (Hartenstein et al., 2021, Jung et al., 2007, Vidwans and Su, 2001, Lee et al., 1999, Schmid and Doe, 1998, Lee et al., 1997, Sweeney et al., 1997, Odenwald et al., 1996, Broadus et al., 1995, Cui and Doe, 1995, Jan and Jan, 1994, Cui and Doe, 1993, Doe and Technau, 1993, Goodman and Doe, 1993, Cui and Doe, 1992)
            Name Synonyms
            Castor
            (Hamid et al., 2023, Guan et al., 2022, Malin and Desplan, 2021, Reilein et al., 2021, Simon and Konstantinides, 2021, Ramon-Cañellas et al., 2019, Ulmschneider et al., 2016, Chai et al., 2013, Homem and Knoblich, 2012, Lorbeck et al., 2011, Losada-Pérez et al., 2010, Sousa-Nunes et al., 2010, Cheng et al., 2008, Tran and Doe, 2008, Tsuji et al., 2008, Wheeler et al., 2008, Wang et al., 2007, Doe, 2006, Wheeler et al., 2006, Fichelson et al., 2005, Kanai et al., 2005, Odenwald, 2005)
            castor
            (Chan et al., 2023, Daniel et al., 2018, Stratmann et al., 2016, Ugrankar et al., 2015, Kim and Yoo, 2014, Tatomer et al., 2014, Benito-Sipos et al., 2011, Ahn et al., 2010, Karlsson et al., 2010, Baumgardt et al., 2009, Park et al., 2009, Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008, Ulvklo et al., 2008, von Hilchen et al., 2008, Mellerick, 1992.11.16, Mellerick et al., 1992)
            Secondary FlyBase IDs
            • FBgn0005769
            • FBgn0011311
            • FBgn0011466
            • FBgn0014137
            • FBgn0037367
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 43 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
            InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
            iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
            Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
            MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            References (293)