This report includes information relevant to a preliminary model of spinocerebellar ataxia 15 (SCA15), which is a subtype of spinocerebellar ataxia; SCA15 exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance. The human gene implicated in this disease is ITPR1, an inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) receptor, an intracellular IP3-gated calcium channel that modulates intracellular calcium signaling. This gene is also associated with the disease spinocerebellar ataxia 29 (MIM:117360, FBhh0000072, a later-onset form) and Gillespie syndrome (MIM:206700). There is one high-scoring fly ortholog, Itpr, for which RNAi targeting constructs, alleles caused by insertional mutagenesis, and classical amorphic alleles have been generated. There are two additional genes that encode inositol triphosphate receptors in human, ITPR2 and ITPR3.
The human ITPR1 gene has not been introduced into flies, however, a UAS construct of the rat gene, Rnor\Itpr1 has been. Pan-neuronal expression of Rnor\Itpr1 rescues neuronal phenotypes of Itpr mutants, including wing posture, flight, electrophysiological correlates of flight maintenance, and intracellular calcium dynamics.
Animals homozygous for severe loss-of-function mutations of Dmel\Itpr typically die during the larval stage. Several conditional alleles (cold-sensitive) have been isolated; adults raised at the permissive temperature exhibit phenotypes such as flight defective, locomotor behavior defective, and feeding behavior defective. RNAi-effected knockdown in neural tissues results in neurophysiology and neuroanatomy defects. Genetic and physical interactions of Dmel\Itpr have been described; see below and in the Itpr gene report.
[updated Feb. 2020 by FlyBase; FBrf0222196]
The autosomal dominant cerebellar degenerative disorders are generally referred to as 'spinocerebellar ataxias,' (SCAs) even though 'spinocerebellar' is a hybrid term, referring to both clinical signs and neuroanatomical regions (Margolis, 2003, pubmed:14628900). Neuropathologists have defined SCAs as cerebellar ataxias with variable involvement of the brainstem and spinal cord, and the clinical features of the disorders are caused by degeneration of the cerebellum and its afferent and efferent connections, which involve the brainstem and spinal cord (Schols et al., 2004 pubmed:15099544; Taroni and DiDonato, 2004, pubmed:15263894). [From MIM:164400, 2015.10.27]
The autosomal dominant cerebellar degenerative disorders are generally referred to as 'spinocerebellar ataxias' (SCAs). Neuropathologists have defined SCAs as cerebellar ataxias with variable involvement of the brainstem and spinal cord; the clinical features of the disorders are caused by degeneration of the cerebellum and its afferent and efferent connections, which involve the brainstem and spinal cord (Schols et al., 2004 pubmed:15099544; Taroni and DiDonato, 2004, pubmed:15263894). [From MIM:164400, 2015.10.27]
[SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIA 15; SCA15](https://omim.org/entry/606658)
[INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRIPHOSPHATE RECEPTOR, TYPE 1; ITPR1](https://omim.org/entry/147265)
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 15 (SCA15) is characterized by slowly progressive gait and limb ataxia, often in combination with ataxic dysarthria, titubation, upper limb postural tremor, mild hyperreflexia, gaze-evoked nystagmus, and impaired vestibulo-ocular reflex gain. Onset is between ages seven and 72 years, usually with gait ataxia but sometimes with tremor. Affected individuals remain ambulatory for ten to 54 years after symptom onset. Mild dysphagia usually after two or more decades of symptoms has been observed in members of multiple affected families and movement-induced oscillopsia has been described in one member of an affected family. [From GeneReviews, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 15, pubmed:20301536, 2015.12.14]
SCA15 is an autosomal dominant, adult-onset, very slowly progressive form of cerebellar ataxia. Most patients also have disabling action and postural tremor, and some have pyramidal tract affection, dorsal column involvement, and gaze palsy. Brain imaging shows cerebellar atrophy mainly affecting the vermis (summary by Synofzik et al., 2011, pubmed:21367767). Heterozygous mutation in the ITPR1 gene can also cause SCA29 (MIM:117360), which is distinguished by onset in infancy of delayed motor development followed by nonprogressive ataxia and mild cognitive impairment. [From MIM:606658, 2015.12.15]
This form of autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia, SCA15, is caused by heterozygous mutation in the ITPR1 gene as well as by deletions involving the ITPR1 gene. [From MIM:606658, 2015.10.30]
The ITPR1 gene encodes the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) receptor, an intracellular IP3-gated calcium channel that modulates intracellular calcium signaling (Berridge, 1993, pubmed:8381210; Hirota et al., 2003, pubmed:12611586). ITPR1 encodes multiple splice isoforms. The long form appears to create an additional consensus protein kinase C phosphorylation site. The long form predominates in most brain regions except for the cerebellum, while the short form predominates in peripheral tissues (Nucifora et al., 1995. pubmed:7500840). [From MIM:147265, 2015.12.15]
Many to one (3 human to 1 Drosophila) (See DIOPT, link below)
Ortholog of human ITPR1, ITPR2, and ITPR3 (1 Drosophila to 3 human).
Dmel\Itp-r83A shares 57% identity and 70% similarity with human ITPR1, 54% identity and 68% similarity with human ITPR2, and 52% identity and 67% similarity to human ITPR3.
