FB2024_03 , released June 25, 2024
Gene: Dmel\solo
Open Close
General Information
Symbol
Dmel\solo
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
sisters on the loose
Annotation Symbol
CG46282
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0283440
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
5 publicly available
Gene Summary
sisters on the loose (solo) encodes a chromosome protein involved in the meiotic sister chromatid cohesion pathway. It is required for sister centromere cohesion in both male and female meiosis and for maintenance of synaptonemal complexes and normal levels of homolog crossing-over in female meiosis. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

BG:DS00929.15 , cgt, courgette

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
35B10-35C1
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-51
RefSeq locus
NT_033779 REGION:15061656..15072133
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (6 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables SMC family protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:SMC1; FB:FBgn0040283
(Yan and McKee, 2013)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in female meiotic nuclear division
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Yan and McKee, 2013)
involved_in meiotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Yan and McKee, 2013, Yan et al., 2010)
involved_in synaptonemal complex organization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Yan and McKee, 2013)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in chromosome, centromeric region
inferred from direct assay
(Yan and McKee, 2013, Yan et al., 2010)
colocalizes_with synaptonemal complex
inferred from direct assay
(Yan and McKee, 2013)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
    -
    Summaries
    Gene Snapshot
    sisters on the loose (solo) encodes a chromosome protein involved in the meiotic sister chromatid cohesion pathway. It is required for sister centromere cohesion in both male and female meiosis and for maintenance of synaptonemal complexes and normal levels of homolog crossing-over in female meiosis. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
    Gene Group (FlyBase)
    MEIOTIC COHESIN COMPLEX SOLO-SUNN VARIANT -
    The meiotic cohesin complex forms a ring-like structure which encircles sister chromatids holding them together after meiotic DNA replication. (Adapted from FBrf0232850.)
    Protein Function (UniProtKB)
    Isoform solo and SMC1 function as partners in mediating sister chromatid and centromere cohesion in meiosis. Not required for sister chromatid arm cohesion or for mitotic chromatid segregation.
    (UniProt, B6JUP5)
    Gene Model and Products
    Number of Transcripts
    2
    Number of Unique Polypeptides
    1

    Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\solo for information on other features

    To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

    Protein Domains (via Pfam)
    Isoform displayed:
    Pfam protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Protein Domains (via SMART)
    Isoform displayed:
    SMART protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Structure
    Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry B6JUP5)

    If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
    Model Confidence:
    • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
    • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
    • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
    • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

    AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

    Experimentally Determined Structures
    Crossreferences
    Comments on Gene Model

    Genes with CDS overlap: vas and solo share promoter, first exon and N-terminal coding sequences (137 residues).

    Gene model reviewed during 6.05

    Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
    nuclear_gene
    (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2015)
    protein_coding_gene
    (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2015)
    Transcript Data
    Annotated Transcripts
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    RefSeq ID
    Length (nt)
    Assoc. CDS (aa)
    solo-RA
    FBtr0445188
    NM_001032103
    3337
    1031
    solo-RB
    FBtr0445189
    NM_001316394
    3291
    1031
    Additional Transcript Data and Comments
    Reported size (kB)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Polypeptide Data
    Annotated Polypeptides
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    Predicted MW (kDa)
    Length (aa)
    Theoretical pI
    UniProt
    RefSeq ID
    GenBank
    solo-PA
    FBpp0401448
    112.5
    1031
    5.66
    B6JUP5
    NP_001027274
    AAZ66470
    solo-PB
    FBpp0401449
    112.5
    1031
    5.66
    B6JUP5
    NP_001303323
    ALI30208
    Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

    The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

    1031 aa isoforms: solo-PA, solo-PB
    Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
    Reported size (kDa)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Linkouts
    Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
    Mapped Features

    Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\solo using the Feature Mapper tool.

    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
    Linkouts
    Expression Data
    Testis-specificity index

    The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

    NA

    Transcript Expression
    Additional Descriptive Data
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Polypeptide Expression
    Additional Descriptive Data
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Evidence
    References
    located_in chromosome, centromeric region
    inferred from direct assay
    (Yan and McKee, 2013, Yan et al., 2010)
    colocalizes_with synaptonemal complex
    inferred from direct assay
    (Yan and McKee, 2013)
    Expression Deduced from Reporters
    High-Throughput Expression Data
    Associated Tools

    JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

    View Dmel\solo in JBrowse
    RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
    Bulk Downloads
    RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
    Reference
    See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
    Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
    Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
    External Data and Images
    Linkouts
    DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
    EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
    FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
    FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
    Images
    FlyBase Wiki
    Image Based Resources
    Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
    Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 15 )
    For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
     
    Other relevant insertions
    Transgenic Constructs ( 7 )
    For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
    Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of solo
    Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of solo
    Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
    Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )
    Gene partially disrupted in
    Df(2L)vasPH165
    (FlyBase, 1996-)
    Inferred from location ( 0 )
    Variants
    Variant Molecular Consequences
    Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
    Phenotypes
    Orthologs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Orthologs
    Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Homo sapiens (Human) (4)
    Hsap\DDX3X
    2 of 14
    Yes
    No
    1  
    Hsap\DDX3Y
    2 of 14
    Yes
    No
    Hsap\DDX4
    2 of 14
    Yes
    No
    Hsap\DDX28
    1 of 14
    No
    No
    Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (5)
    Rnor\Ddx3
    2 of 14
    Yes
    No
    Rnor\Ddx3x
    2 of 14
    Yes
    No
    Rnor\Ddx3y
    2 of 14
    Yes
    No
    Rnor\Ddx4
    2 of 14
    Yes
    No
    Rnor\Ddx28
    1 of 14
    No
    No
    Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (4)
    Mmus\Ddx3x
    2 of 14
    Yes
    No
    Mmus\Ddx3y
    2 of 14
    Yes
    No
    Mmus\Ddx4
    2 of 14
    Yes
    No
    Mmus\D1Pas1
    1 of 14
    No
    No
    Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (3)
    Xtro\ddx3x
    2 of 13
    Yes
    No
    Xtro\ddx4
    2 of 13
    Yes
    No
    Xtro\ddx28
    1 of 13
    No
    No
    Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (4)
    Drer\ddx3xa
    2 of 14
    Yes
    No
    Drer\ddx3xb
    2 of 14
    Yes
    No
    Drer\ddx4
    2 of 14
    Yes
    No
    Drer\ddx28
    1 of 14
    No
    No
    Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (5)
    Cele\laf-1
    2 of 14
    Yes
    No
    Cele\vbh-1
    2 of 14
    Yes
    No
    Cele\glh-1
    1 of 14
    No
    No
    Cele\glh-2
    1 of 14
    No
    No
    Cele\glh-3
    1 of 14
    No
    No
    Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (4)
    Agam\AgaP_AGAP003047
    2 of 12
    Yes
    No
    Agam\AgaP_AGAP008578
    2 of 12
    Yes
    No
    Agam\AgaP_AGAP012856
    1 of 12
    No
    No
    Agam\AgaP_AGAP013035
    1 of 12
    No
    No
    Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (3)
    Atha\AT2G42520
    2 of 13
    Yes
    No
    Atha\AT3G58510
    2 of 13
    Yes
    No
    Atha\AT3G58570
    2 of 13
    Yes
    No
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (2)
    Scer\DBP1
    1 of 13
    Yes
    No
    Scer\DED1
    1 of 13
    Yes
    No
    Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
    Spom\sum3
    1 of 12
    Yes
    No
    Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
    Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
    Data provided directly from OrthoDB:solo. Refer to their site for version information.
    Paralogs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Paralogs
    Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Gene Symbol
    Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (3)
    bel
    2 of 13
    Dbp21E2
    1 of 13
    vas
    1 of 13
    Human Disease Associations
    FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
      Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
      Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
      Human Ortholog
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Interaction
      References
      Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
      Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
      Homo sapiens (Human)
      Gene name
      Score
      OMIM
      OMIM Phenotype
      DO term
      Complementation?
      Transgene?
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      esyN Network Diagram
      Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
      Show/hide secondary interactors 
      (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
      Select Layout:
      Legend:
      Protein
      RNA
      Selected Interactor(s)
      Other Interaction Browsers
      View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
      Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
      protein-protein
      Physical Interaction
      Assay
      References
      solo - SMC1
      anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, two hybrid
      (Krishnan et al., 2014, Yan and McKee, 2013)
      solo - SMC3
      two hybrid
      (Krishnan et al., 2014)
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      esyN Network Diagram
      Other Interaction Browsers
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      External Data
      Linkouts
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      External Data
      Linkouts
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      2L
      Recombination map
      2-51
      Cytogenetic map
      35B10-35C1
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      35B10-35C1
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      2-51

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      2-47.8

      (Comeron et al., 2012)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (5)
      Genomic Clones (17)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (42)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments

            solo is required for meiotic cohesion.

            (Yan et al., 2010)

            New annotation (CG33678) in release 4.2 of the genome annotation.

            (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2005)
            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of
            Additional comments

            Annotation CG43081 split into CG46282 (corresponds to solo) and CG46283 (corresponds to vas) in release 6.06 of the genome annotation. Split supported by distinct sequences and functions of vas and solo proteins.

            (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2015)

            Annotations CG3506 and CG33678 merged as CG43081 in release 5.31 of the genome annotation.

            (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2010)
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of

            Source for identity of: solo CG46282

            (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2015)

            Source for identity of: CG33678 BG:DS00929.15

            (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2005)
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (14)
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 22 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
            MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            References (37)