This report includes links to reviews and general information on diseases classified as diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent (NIDDM) also known as diabetes mellitus, type 2. Variants of many genes have been implicated in the development of diabetes type 2 (see MIM:125853); most are thought to increase susceptibility to the disease, rather than being strictly causative.
References describing biology of this Drosophila system, methods and assays: Owusu-Ansah and Perrimon, 2014 (FBrf0224368); Alfa and Kim, 2016 (FBrf0231859); Graham and Pick, 2017 (FBrf0234320); Murillo-Maldonado and Riesgo-Escovar, 2017 (FBrf0235584); Li and Tennessen, 2017 (FBrf0236417); Alvarez-Rendon, et al., 2018 (FBrf0239041); Inoue et al., 2018 (FBrf0239288); Chatterjee and Perrimon, 2021 (FBrf0249260). See also Vinayagam et al., 2016 (FBrf0233454), which describes a comprehensive analysis of the InR/PI3K/AKT network in Drosophila.
For a listing of Drosophila models of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus see the "Related Diseases" section, below, or go to the FlyBase Human Disease Model Report Index (http://flybase.org/lists/FBhh/). The obesity epidemic is widely blamed for a rise in the incidence of type 2 diabetes; see also human disease models listed in the report 'obesity, susceptibility to (fly models overview)' (FBhh0000492).
For a listing of Drosophila models of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus see the "Related Diseases" section, below, or go to the FlyBase Human Disease Model Report Index (http://flybase.org/lists/FBhh/).
[updated Aug. 2021 by FlyBase; FBrf0222196]
[TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS; T2D](https://omim.org/entry/125853)
Diabetes mellitus, type 2, also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, occurs when cells become resistant to the effects of insulin, thus disrupting the body's ability to metabolize glucose and to properly control the amount of sugar in the blood. [from Genetics Home Reference, Diabetes; 2016.02.02]
Over time, high blood glucose can lead to serious problems such as cataracts and/or retinopathy, impaired kidney function, diabetic neuropathy, and macrovascular complications (heart attack, stroke, peripheral vascular disease). [from endocrineweb; http://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/type-2-diabetes/type-2-diabetes-complications]
Candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have identified > 50 susceptibility loci for common type 1 diabetes (T1D) and approximately 100 susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes (T2D). About 1-5% of all cases of diabetes result from single-gene mutations and are termed monogenic diabetes (Yang and Chan, 2016; pubmed:27035557).
Mutations in multiple genes have been implicated in noninsulin-dependent diabetes; mutations in additional genes have been associated with susceptibility to this disease. [from MIM:125853; 2016.02.02]
Insulin is an anabolic hormone that promotes the synthesis and storage of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, while inhibiting their degradation and release into the circulation. It acts by stimulating the uptake of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids into cells, and increasing the expression or activity of enzymes that catalyse glycogen, lipid and protein synthesis, while inhibiting the activity or expression of those that catalyse degradation (from Saltiel and Kahn, 2001, FBrf0230835).
