FB2024_02 , released April 23, 2024
Gene: Dmel\pr
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\pr
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
purple
Annotation Symbol
CG16784
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0003141
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Enzyme Name (EC)
6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (4.2.3.12)
Gene Summary
Required for pigment and biopterin synthesis. (UniProt, P48611)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
Also Known As

38B.9

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-54
RefSeq locus
NT_033779 REGION:20073719..20075458
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (4 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Biological Process (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in mitochondrion
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000287347
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the PTPS family. (P48611)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase activity
7,8-dihydroneopterin 3'-triphosphate = 6-pyruvoyl-5,6,7,8- tetrahydropterin + H(+) + triphosphate (4.2.3.12)
RHEA 22048:
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
CARBON-OXYGEN LYASES, ACTING ON PHOSPHATES -
Carbon-oxygen lyases, acting on phosphates are a class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by elimination of a phosphate group. (Adapted from FBrf0238856).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Required for pigment and biopterin synthesis.
(UniProt, P48611)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
pr: purple
Eye color ruby at hatching, darkening to purplish ruby with age [Sturtevant and Beadle, 1939, An Introduction to Genetics, W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia and London, p. 64 (plate I)]; orange in combination with st, reddish brown in combination with bw (Mainz, 1938). pr eye color autonomous in larval optic disks transplanted into wild-type hosts (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). Larval Malpighian tubules wild-type in color (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22: 587-611). Mutants deficient in pteridines (Hadorn and Mitchell, 1951, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 37: 650-65; Wilson and Jacobson, 1977; Yim et al., 1977); sepiapterin and the drosopterins are markedly reduced relative to wild type in pr1 and prbw (Wilson and Jacobson, 1977; Dorsett and Brown, 1982), the effect being greater in prbw than in pr1. The enzyme sepiapterin synthase A, which is involved in early steps leading to the synthesis of the drosopterins (Wiederrect et al., 1984a, 1984b), is most active in wild-type Drosophila in late pupae and young adults when sepiapterin accumulation begins and the eyes become pigmented (Krivi and Brown, 1979, Biochem. Genet. 17: 371-90). When pr+ has been translocated into the Y chromosome [Tp(2;Y)prC5], the Tp(2;Y)prC5, cn/prC4cn flies show a variegated eye color (Yim et al., 1977; Tobler et al., 1979) and the mutant late larvae and early pupae show a reduction in sepiapterin synthase A activity as compared to both wild-type and pr1 (Tobler et al., 1979). The suppressors su(s)2 and su(pr)e3 restore the pyrimidine level of pr1 and prbw to that of wild-type or nearly wild-type (Wilson and Jacobson, 1977; Yim et al., 1977).
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\pr for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P48611)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.43

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.52

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0089395
1073
168
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

1.3, 1.1 (northern blot)

Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0088417
19.3
168
7.25
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

168 (aa); 19 (kD observed)

Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homohexamer formed of two homotrimers in a head to head fashion.

(UniProt, P48611)
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\pr using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-1.15

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\pr in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 21 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 7 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of pr
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of pr
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 88 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 88 )
Gene disrupted in
Inferred from location ( 0 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (1)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (1)
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (1)
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (1)
9 of 11
Yes
Yes
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:pr. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
    Show/hide secondary interactors 
    (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
    Select Layout:
    Legend:
    Protein
    RNA
    Selected Interactor(s)
    Interactions Browser

    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    MIST Molecular Interaction Search Tool

    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    protein-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    Show/hide secondary interactors 
    (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
    esyN Network Key:
    Suppression
    Enhancement

    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    suppressible
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
    Homohexamer formed of two homotrimers in a head to head fashion.
    (UniProt, P48611 )
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
    Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
    External Data
    Linkouts
    KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
    Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    2L
    Recombination map
    2-54
    Cytogenetic map
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    38B3-38B3
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}barrk14014 and P{EP}nebEP642
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (673)
    Genomic Clones (15)
     

    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

    cDNA Clones (23)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          Transcription unit identified during molecular analysis of the neb genomic region.

          pr gene product is very complex and exists as higher multimeric forms.

          v pr mutants are able to synthesize xanthurenic acid 8-glucoside when fed with xanthuretic acid and the activity required for its synthesis via xanthuretic acid are found.

          The enzyme sepiapterin synthase A, is involved in early steps leading to the synthesis of the drosopterins.

          Sepiapterin and the drosopterins are markedly reduced relative to wild type in pr1 and prbw the effect being greater in prbw than in pr1.

          When pr+ has been translocated into the Y chromosome <up>T(Y;2)prC5</up>, the T(Y;2)prC5, cn1/prC4,cn1 flies show a variegated eye color.

          Mutants deficient in pteridines. Sepiapterin and the drosopterins are markedly reduced relative to wild type in pr1 and prbw, the effect being greater in prbw than in pr1. The suppressors su(s)2 and su(pr)3 restore the pyrimidine level of pr1 and prbw to that of wild-type or nearly wild-type.

          Mutants deficient in pteridines. When pr+ has been translocated into the Y chromosome <up>T(Y;2)prC5</up>, the T(Y;2)prC5, cn1/prC4, cn1 flies show a variegated eye color. The suppressors su(s)2 and su(pr)3 restore the pyrimidine level of pr1 and prbw to that of wild-type or nearly wild-type.

          Mutants deficient in pteridines.

          Eye color ruby at hatching, darkening to purplish ruby with age.

          Orange in combination with st, reddish brown in combination with bw.

          Larval Malpighian tubules wild-type in color.

          pr eye color autonomous in larval optic discs transplanted into wild-type hosts.

          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of
          Additional comments

          The P{lacW}l(2)k09314bk09314b insertion maps between pr and neb, mapping between the predicted neb promoter and transcription start site.

          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of
          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (6)
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 48 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
          KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
          Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
          References (141)