FB2024_04 , released June 25, 2024
Gene: Dmel\amon
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\amon
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
amontillado
Annotation Symbol
CG6438
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0023179
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
amontillado (amon) encodes a member of the Prohormone Convertase (PC) family of proteolytic enzymes. PCs generally recognize conserved basic amino acid sequences within protein precursors to direct catalysis of specific cleavage. amon product directly cleaves sli protein and may also target the propeptide encoded by Akh. It is also required for the production of bioactive neuropeptide hormones (e.g. those encoded by Hug, Crz, Ms, Capa and sNPF). [Date last reviewed: 2018-09-20] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

PC2, dPC2, Ppp

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-91
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:26697697..26714159
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (14 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from direct assay
inferred from high throughput direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002451026
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002884, InterPro:IPR036852
Biological Process (7 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (7 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from mutant phenotype
involved_in hatching behavior
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
involved_in proteolysis
inferred from direct assay
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000082858
Cellular Component (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in extracellular space
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000082858
is_active_in membrane
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN002451026
is_active_in neuron projection
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000082858
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the peptidase S8 family. Furin subfamily. (Q9VBC7)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
amontillado (amon) encodes a member of the Prohormone Convertase (PC) family of proteolytic enzymes. PCs generally recognize conserved basic amino acid sequences within protein precursors to direct catalysis of specific cleavage. amon product directly cleaves sli protein and may also target the propeptide encoded by Akh. It is also required for the production of bioactive neuropeptide hormones (e.g. those encoded by Hug, Crz, Ms, Capa and sNPF). [Date last reviewed: 2018-09-20]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
PROPROTEIN CONVERTASES -
Proprotein convertases are serine endopeptidases related to bacterial subtilisin-like enzymes. They activate a broad range of secretory proteins via post-translational cleavage of inactive precursor molecules. The targets and substrates of these convertases are very varied covering many aspects of cellular biology and communication. (Adapted from PMID:22204726.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Serine endopeptidase which is involved in the processing of hormone and other protein precursors at sites comprised of pairs of basic amino acid residues (PubMed:10749852, PubMed:20523747, PubMed:21138435). Required during embryonic and larval development, probably by proteolytically processing peptide hormones involved in hatching, larval growth and larval molting (PubMed:12586710). Required for the processing and activation of Akh which maintains normal hemolymph sugar levels (PubMed:20523747). Has been shown in one study to be required for processing of sli into slit N-product and slit C-product in the embryo which is necessary for lateral transverse muscle elongation but has been shown in another study not to be required for sli cleavage (PubMed:27628033, PubMed:32994163). Required for larval hatching (PubMed:10436051). Also required for normal larval wandering behavior which occurs prior to pupariation (PubMed:21138435). Required during pupal development for head eversion, leg and wing disk extension, and abdominal differentiation (PubMed:19559693). Required during eye development for R8 photoreceptor cell specification by regulating processing of ligands required for the BMP and activin signaling pathways (PubMed:28853393).
(UniProt, Q9VBC7)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\amon for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VBC7)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0085048
3991
654
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

4 (northern blot)

Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0084420
71.7
654
7.16
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\amon using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.80

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data

amon transcripts are observed in the third instar larval midgut. The highest levels are found in the anterior midgut and in the anterior-most part of the posterior midgut.

amon-XR transcript is found in the cells of the corpus cardiacum in larva.

amon transcript is first detected in stage 15-16 embryos. Expression peaks in stage 17 embryos. Expression levels are low in larval and most pupal stages, then increase in late pupae and peak in adults. In the embryo, expression is detected in subsets of the nervous systems, endocrine system, and the gut. In late stage 17 embryos, expression is detected in the epiphysis and the antennal maxillary complex, but this expression disappears by mid-first larval instar. The number of amon expressing cells in the brain and ventral nerve cord are approximately 168 in late embryos; this number decreases by about 85% by second instar larval stage. Approximately 4 cells in the middle protocerebrum of the brain maintain high levels of amon expression throughout larval development.

Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
western blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data

amon immunoreactivity is observed in the larval dorsomedial neurosecretory cells of the larval brain, in paired neurons in the ventral nerve cord, and in endocrine cells in the larval midgut.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: P{amon-GAL4.R}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{GawB}386Y
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\amon in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 13-16
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 18 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 11 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of amon
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of amon
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )
Inferred from location ( 0 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (15)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
5 of 14
No
No
2  
4 of 14
No
No
1  
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (14)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (15)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (15)
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (16)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
5 of 14
No
No
5 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (5)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
4 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (5)
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (56)
2 of 13
Yes
Yes
2 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (4)
7 of 13
Yes
No
3 of 13
No
No
3 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (4)
7 of 12
Yes
Yes
2 of 12
No
No
2 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:amon. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (4)
8 of 13
7 of 13
3 of 13
2 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    Other Interaction Browsers
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    Show/hide secondary interactors 
    (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
    esyN Network Key:
    Suppression
    Enhancement
    Other Interaction Browsers

    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Linkouts
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    External Data
    Linkouts
    SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    3R
    Recombination map
    3-91
    Cytogenetic map
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    97C4-97C5
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}scribj7B3 and P{lacW}His2AvL1602
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    97C2-97C3
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    97D1-97D2
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (42)
    Genomic Clones (30)
    cDNA Clones (81)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          amon is required during pupal development for head eversion, leg and wing disc extensin and abdominal differentiation.

          The protease encoded by amon cleaves on the carboxyl side of the sequence Lys-Arg.

          amon has a role in triggering hatching behaviour.

          Larvae lacking amon function have a defect in hatching behaviour; the frequency of head swinging (which in wild-type larvae results in the larvae scraping through the eggshell with their mouth hooks) is greatly reduced and they do not hatch.

          Identification: Sequence similarity to the mammalian secretory vesicle associated protease PC2.

          The similarity with mammalian and S.cerevisiae proteins suggests a potential role of amon in processing of neuropeptide and hormone precursors.

          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of

          Source for merge of: amon Ppp

          Additional comments
          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of
          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology

          The gene is named "amontillado" from the title of the Edgar Allen Poe story ("The cask of amontillado") about a man who is walled-in while still alive.

          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (11)
          Reported As
          Secondary FlyBase IDs
          • FBgn0004877
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 46 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
          References (103)