FB2024_02 , released April 23, 2024
Gene: Dmel\Vhl
Open Close
General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Vhl
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
von Hippel-Lindau
Annotation Symbol
CG13221
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0041174
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
7 publicly available
Gene Summary
von Hippel-Lindau (Vhl) encodes a protein that regulates morphogenesis of trachea and follicular epithelium via its scaffolding functions. It promotes proteosomal degradation of the hypoxia inducible factor encoded by sima during normoxia. It also promotes vesicle transport via stabilization of microtubules and the endocytic factor encoded by awd. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

dVHL, d-VHL

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
47E5-47E6
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-64
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:11279725..11281033
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (14 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q7KRW1
(Gemmill et al., 2002)
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q15369
(Adryan et al., 2000)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (11 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (11 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in centrosome cycle
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:mgr; FB:FBgn0264694
(Delgehyr et al., 2012)
involved_in epithelial cell migration, open tracheal system
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Hsouna et al., 2010)
involved_in establishment or maintenance of polarity of follicular epithelium
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Duchi et al., 2010)
involved_in lumen formation, open tracheal system
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Hsouna et al., 2010)
involved_in mitotic spindle assembly
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:mgr; FB:FBgn0264694
(Delgehyr et al., 2012)
involved_in negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Duchi et al., 2010)
involved_in open tracheal system development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Adryan et al., 2000)
involved_in protein export from nucleus
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Irisarri et al., 2009)
involved_in protein ubiquitination
inferred from direct assay
(Aso et al., 2000)
involved_in regulation of cellular response to hypoxia
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Irisarri et al., 2009)
involved_in trachea development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Mortimer and Moberg, 2009)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in protein ubiquitination
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000389240
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of VCB complex
inferred from direct assay
(Aso et al., 2000)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000389240
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
part_of VCB complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000389240
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the VHL family. (Q9V3C1)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
von Hippel-Lindau (Vhl) encodes a protein that regulates morphogenesis of trachea and follicular epithelium via its scaffolding functions. It promotes proteosomal degradation of the hypoxia inducible factor encoded by sima during normoxia. It also promotes vesicle transport via stabilization of microtubules and the endocytic factor encoded by awd. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
VCB COMPLEX -
VCB complex (Vhl-EloC-EloB) is a member of a family of ubiquitin ligases that share a Cullin-Rbx module. VCB complex is a multiprotein complex, which consist of large modular assemblies comprising a RING domain, a scaffolding Cullin subunit, one or more adaptor proteins, and a substrate-recognition subunit. (Adapted from FBrf0129709, FBrf0240293 and PMID:15601820).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Involved in development of tracheal vasculature. Probably involved in halting cell migration at the end of vascular tube outgrowth. Possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase activity when in complex with Elongin BC complex, Cul2 and Rox1a/Rbx1, and can target sima/Hif1a for ubiquitination. May play a critical role in promoting microtubule stabilization when tubulins are correctly folded by the prefoldin complex. If tubulin is incorrectly folded, may promote its degradation.
(UniProt, Q9V3C1)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

E3 ubiquitin ligase - functions in follicular epithelial morphogenesis to stabilize microtubule bundles and aPKC - in trachea controls the HIF-1 α/sima hypoxia response pathway

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Vhl for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9V3C1)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Vhl-RA
FBtr0088115
NM_080247
1309
178
Vhl-RB
FBtr0332420
NM_001273956
946
178
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Vhl-PA
FBpp0087216
21.2
178
10.46
Q9V3C1
NP_524986
AAF58684
Vhl-PB
FBpp0304693
21.2
178
10.46
Q9V3C1
NP_001260885
AGB93418
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

178 aa isoforms: Vhl-PA, Vhl-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Part of a complex with Cul2, Roc1a/Rbx1 and the elongin BC complex. Interacts with sima/Hif1a. Interacts with itself. Interacts with mgr and betaTub56D/tubulin beta-1 chain. Interacts with tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers by itself or in complex with mgr. Interacts with microtubules (MTs).

(UniProt, Q9V3C1)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Vhl using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-1.04

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 15 -- 17
embryonic/larval tracheal dorsal trunk
(Adryan et al., 2000)
embryonic stage 16 -- 17
embryonic/larval tracheal transverse connective
(Adryan et al., 2000)
embryonic stage 17
embryonic/larval visceral tracheal branch
(Adryan et al., 2000)
RT-PCR
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 17
organism
(Mortimer and Moberg, 2009)
Additional Descriptive Data

Vhl transcripts are detected throughout embryogenesis by RT-PCR with an apparent peak during mid-tracheogenesis.

(Mortimer and Moberg, 2009)

Vhl transcript is not expressed in the tracheal system before embryonic stage 15.

(Adryan et al., 2000)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of VCB complex
inferred from direct assay
(Aso et al., 2000)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Vhl in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 1 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 18 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Vhl
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Vhl
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal, with Scer\GAL4btl.PS
lethal | embryonic stage | non-rescuable maternal effect | recessive
lethal | larval stage | recessive
lethal | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
lethal - all die before end of first instar larval stage
lethal - all die before end of first instar larval stage (with Df(2R)en-A)
lethal - all die before end of first instar larval stage | recessive
lethal - all die during P-stage, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
partially lethal - majority die | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4en.PU
viable, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PU
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Sterility
Allele
female sterile (with Vhl1), with Scer\GAL4btl.PS
female sterile (with VhlUAS.Tag:HA), with Scer\GAL4btl.PS
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal body color | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
abnormal cell migration | oogenesis stage S9, with Scer\GAL4c522
abnormal cell migration | oogenesis stage S10, with Scer\GAL4slbo.2.6
abnormal cell polarity | somatic clone
abnormal planar polarity, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
abnormal stress response | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E
some die during first instar larval stage (with Df(2R)en-A)
some die during first instar larval stage | recessive
visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
adult external abdomen, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
adult external thorax, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
border follicle cell | oogenesis stage S9, with Scer\GAL4c522
border follicle cell | oogenesis stage S10, with Scer\GAL4slbo.2.6
egg chamber (with Vhl1), with Scer\GAL4btl.PS
egg chamber (with VhlUAS.Tag:HA), with Scer\GAL4btl.PS
embryonic/larval dorsal tracheal branch, with Scer\GAL4btl.PS
embryonic/larval tracheal dorsal trunk
embryonic/larval tracheal dorsal trunk, with Scer\GAL4btl.PS
embryonic/larval tracheal lateral trunk, with Scer\GAL4btl.PS
embryonic/larval tracheal section, with Scer\GAL4Act.PU
embryonic/larval tracheal section, with Scer\GAL4btl.PS
embryonic/larval tracheal system
embryonic/larval tracheal system, with Scer\GAL4btl.PS
embryonic/larval tracheal system | maternal effect
follicle cell (with Vhl1), with Scer\GAL4btl.PS
follicle cell (with VhlUAS.Tag:HA), with Scer\GAL4btl.PS
follicle cell | heat sensitive
follicle cell | somatic clone
microtubule (with Vhl1), with Scer\GAL4btl.PS
microtubule (with VhlUAS.Tag:HA), with Scer\GAL4btl.PS
microtubule | somatic clone
nurse cell (with Vhl1), with Scer\GAL4btl.PS
nurse cell (with VhlUAS.Tag:HA), with Scer\GAL4btl.PS
tracheal primordium | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4Act.PU
tracheole | cell non-autonomous, with Scer\GAL4tey-5053A
trichogen cell, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (2)
Hsap\VHL
8 of 14
Yes
Yes
 
9  
Hsap\VHLL
8 of 14
Yes
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
Rnor\Vhl
8 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
Mmus\Vhl
7 of 14
Yes
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (1)
Xtro\vhl
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (2)
Drer\vhl
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\vhll
10 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\vhl-1
7 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002496
10 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Vhl. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 4 )
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
Vhl1
ameliorates  Parkinson's disease 7
modeled by dj-1βex54
(Lee et al., 2022)
VhlKK111257
ameliorates  Parkinson's disease 1
modeled by Hsap\SNCAUAS.cJa
(Ren et al., 2022)
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
VHL; von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor
8 of 14
608537
 
VHLL; VHL like
8 of 14
619650
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Dmel gene
      Ortholog showing functional complementation
      Supporting References
      Vhl
      Hsap\VHL
      (Zhang et al., 2021, Shmueli et al., 2014)
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      esyN Network Diagram
      Show/hide secondary interactors 
      (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
      esyN Network Key:
      Suppression
      Enhancement
      View in Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
      Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Vhl
      enhanceable
      ago
      (Mortimer and Moberg, 2013, Mortimer and Moberg, 2009)
      Vhl
      suppressible
      ago
      (Mortimer and Moberg, 2013)
      Vhl
      suppressible
      bnl
      (Mortimer and Moberg, 2009)
      Vhl
      suppressible
      btl
      (Mortimer and Moberg, 2009)
      Vhl
      suppressible
      cnc
      (Zhang et al., 2021)
      Vhl
      enhanceable
      Ctr1A
      (Zhang et al., 2021)
      Vhl
      suppressible
      Ctr1A
      (Zhang et al., 2021)
      Vhl
      suppressible
      Ddc
      (Zhang et al., 2021)
      Vhl
      suppressible
      ple
      (Zhang et al., 2021)
      Vhl
      suppressible
      Rab5
      (Hsouna et al., 2010)
      Vhl
      suppressible
      sima
      (Zhang et al., 2021, Mortimer and Moberg, 2009)
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      ago
      enhanceable
      Vhl
      (Mortimer and Moberg, 2013)
      ago
      suppressible
      Vhl
      (Mortimer and Moberg, 2013)
      sima
      suppressible
      Vhl
      (Shmueli et al., 2014)
      External Data
      Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
      Part of a complex with Cul2, Roc1a/Rbx1 and the elongin BC complex. Interacts with sima/Hif1a. Interacts with itself. Interacts with mgr and betaTub56D/tubulin beta-1 chain. Interacts with tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers by itself or in complex with mgr. Interacts with microtubules (MTs).
      (UniProt, Q9V3C1 )
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      External Data
      Linkouts
      KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
      Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      2R
      Recombination map
      2-64
      Cytogenetic map
      47E5-47E6
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      47E5-47E6
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}rM547 and P{lacW}Fppsk06103&P{lacW}Fppsk03514
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      47E1-47E3
      (determined by in situ hybridisation)
      (Adryan et al., 2000)
      47E1-47E3
      (Adryan et al., 2000, Adryan, 1999.10.18)
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      2-64

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      2-64.1

      (Comeron et al., 2012)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (7)
      Genomic Clones (16)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (29)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       

      polyclonal

      (Shmueli et al., 2014, Hsouna et al., 2010, Arquier et al., 2006)
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          sima protein nuclear localization is affected in Vhl mutant embryos.

          (Irisarri et al., 2009)

          10% of embryos treated with Vhl dsRNA (to induce RNAi) reveal a narrow gap in the denticle pattern along the ventral midline.

          (Gemmill et al., 2002)

          Vhl is required for halting cell migration and tube outgrowth at the end of the tracheal tube formation.

          (Adryan et al., 2000)

          Loss of function mutations in Vhl show ectopic branching and looping in the tracheal system accompanied by breakage in the main trunk.

          (Adryan et al., 2000)

          Reduction of Vhl activity can either disrupt or induce tracheal growth, depending on the nature of the tracheal branches.

          (Adryan et al., 2000)
          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of

          Source for merge of: Vhl BcDNA:RH61560

          (FlyBase, 1996-)

          Source for merge of: vhl CG13221

          (FlyBase, 1996-)
          Additional comments

          Source for merge of Vhl BcDNA:RH61560 was TrEMBL update ( date:020807 ).

          (FlyBase, 1996-)

          Source for merge of vhl CG13221 was sequence comparison ( date:000605 ).

          (FlyBase, 1996-)
          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of
          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (15)
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 50 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
          KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
          MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
          References (74)