Hariharan, I.K., Carthew, R.W., Rubin, G.M. (1991). The Drosophila roughened mutation: activation of a rap homolog disrupts eye development and interferes with cell determination.  Cell 67(23): 717--722.

FBrf0053393

Research paper

Roughened is a dominant mutation of D. melanogaster that disrupts eye development. The majority of the ommatidia in the adult eye lack a single photoreceptor cell, which is most commonly the R7 cell. The Roughened mutation disrupts the early stages of photoreceptor cell determination. Roughened is a dominant gain-of-function mutation that results from a single amino acid change (Phe157 to Leu) in the Drosophila Rap1 protein. Loss of function Rap1 mutations are lethal. Drosophila Rap1 protein is 88% identical to human rap1A/K-rev1 protein, a putative antagonist of ras action.