FlyBase Allele Report: Dmel\ptc[S2]

Mosaic border cell/polar cell clusters containing ptc^S2 clones present increased polar cell and total cell numbers, as compared to controls. ptc^S2 follicle cell clones also lead to abnormal stalks, with increased cell numbers, as compared to controls.

ptc^S2 homozygous clones show an excess of polar/stalk cells while still producing main body cells, as compared to controls; clones in the egg chamber poles show a severe decrease in apoptosis (i.e. cDcp1-positive cells), as compared to control clones; clones in the germarium, however, are of comparable sizes to control clones.

(Dai et al., 2017)

Homozygous clones induced using the ey-FLP/FRT system result in overgrowth of the eye. The overgrown tissue is cos[+], suggesting that the clone acts non-autonomously. Homozygous clones are not recovered in the adult eye. Overgrowth is also seen in the head cuticle and the antennae.

(Christiansen et al., 2012)

ptc^hdl animals transheterozygous for ptc^S2 are viable with lowly penetrant headcase defects and they do not display any locomotor defects in adulthood.

(Gazi et al., 2009)

Homozygous follicle stem cell clones show duplication and enhanced longevity compared to controls.

(Vied and Kalderon, 2009)

Homozygous clones in the eye disc result in tissue invagination.

(Corrigall et al., 2007)

Ectopic photoreceptor cell clusters differentiate in and around ptc^S2 homozygous clones in the eye disc.

(Miura et al., 2006)

When mutant clones are made in the legs of female adults, slightly thickened bristles are seen, indicating a weak transformation to male.

(Horabin et al., 2003)

ptc^S2/ptc^tuf-1 flies have enlarged eyes and enlarged head vertex (ocellar triangle, fronto-orbital plate and frons). Other head defects in these flies vary from outgrowths of head cuticle plus large numbers of missing, misplaced or ectopic head bristles to one or 2 misplaced or missing head bristles. ptc^559.1/ptc^S2 flies have normal sized eyes and head vertex and a low incidence of ectopic or misplaced head bristles. ptc^S2 somatic clones in the head vertex region (ocellar triangle, fronto-orbital plate and frons) cause formation of ectopic ocelli and bristles in lateral regions of the head vertex. These ectopic ocelli are often accompanied by an outgrowth of the adjacent eye tissue. Very rarely (<1%), where clones fill the entire head vertex, there is a severe reduction in head size due to almost complete lack of frons and orbital cuticle.

(Thomas and Ingham, 2003)

ptc^hdl in combination with ptc^S2 does not lead to any head capsule defects.

(Shyamala and Bhat, 2002)

Homozygous cells in the anterior of mosaic wing imaginal discs minimise contact with neighbouring ptc⁺ cells, resulting in round clones with smooth borders.

(Methot and Basler, 2001)

Larvae show no proventricular defects. Mutants transheterozygous for ptc^tuf-1 and ptc^S2 show normal separation of wing veins L3 and L4, but display dramatic shape changes and abnormalities in the anterior margin. Mirror duplications of the proximal half of the anterior wing are seen.

(Strutt et al., 2001)

Short stalks of wild type ovarioles are replaced by large masses of stalk cells in mutant ovarioles. The extra cells are due to overproliferation - an effect that is cell autonomous. Loss of ptc activity leads to a doubling of somatic stem cell number. The two stem cells can remain adjacent or migrate away from each other.

(Zhang and Kalderon, 2001)

Ovarioles containing homozygous mutant stem cell derivatives (in mosaic females) accumulate an excess of follicle cells, especially between egg chambers. Many egg chambers contain ectopic polar cells. Follicle cells proliferate beyond stage 6 (mitosis occurs up to stage 10) in mutant ovarioles, in contrast to wild type. In mosaic ovarioles, only mutant follicle cells are found to proliferate beyond stage 6; this phenotype is cell autonomous. Many nuclei of mutant follicle cells are smaller than those of surrounding wild-type follicle cells in stage 10 egg chambers. 1 or 2 groups of ectopic border cells are often found in stage 9-10 mutant ovarioles. These ectopic border cells are often found overlying nurse cells in stage 10 egg chambers, indicating defective migration. The oocyte is not at the posterior of the egg chamber in 32% of cases. Mis-positioned oocytes are seen as early as region 3 of the germarium. Mis-placed oocytes are only found in mosaic oocytes which contain mutant follicle cells, although there is no correlation between oocyte position and the location of the mutant cell. Defects in anterior-posterior polarity are seen within the oocyte in stage 8-10 egg chambers even when the oocyte occupies its normal posterior position; in 25% of cases the oocyte nucleus has failed to migrate from the posterior to the anterior cortex. This phenotype does not correlate with the germline ptc genotype in mosaic egg chambers. Most of the egg chambers with altered oocyte polarity (abnormal position of the nucleus) are composed entirely of homozygous mutant somatic cells. Mosaic egg chambers only show polarity defects within the oocyte if the homozygous mutant clone covers the entire posterior of the egg chamber. Egg chamber polarity and oocyte polarity in mosaics can only be disrupted if somatic cells lose ptc⁺ activity at least 4 days prior to forming part of a stage 8 egg chamber.

(Zhang and Kalderon, 2000)

Anterior-dorsal ptc^S2 clone in dpp^d-blk eye disc causes ectopic differentiation ahead of the morphogenetic furrow, this wave of ectopic differentiation propogates into neighbouring ptc⁺ tissue. A ventral margin clone in dpp^d-blk eye disc causes ectopic differentiation that propogates into ventral ptc⁺ tissue. Clone spanning a large portion of ventral epithelium and ventral posterior margin rescues ventral differentiation to a relatively normal pattern.

(Chanut and Heberlein, 1997)

Mosaic clones doubly mutant with kn^KN2, kn^KN3 or kn^KN4 reorganise the wing when induced in the anterior compartment. Clones induced near the anterior margin induce a complete duplication of the anterior wing blade. Phenotype is very similar to clones mutant for ptc^S2 alone that affect global reorganisation. The kn mutant affects local alteration in wing patterning associated with ptc inactivation.

(Nestoras et al., 1997)

Ovarioles containing ptc^S2 clones exhibit ptc^- cells that are mostly present in giant 'stalks', which are often mispositioned with respect to egg chambers. These defects mimic the effect of ectopic hh expression.

(Forbes et al., 1996)

Adult clones in the eye show abnormal ommatidial structure and orientation. Clones cause considerable overgrowth and deformation of the eye. Ectopic equators can be induced in the wild type tissue near the ptc^- clones. Clones located ahead of the morphogenetic furrow are associated with fields of precociously differentiating ommatidia. Differentiation is graded with the more mature ommatidium found near the centre of the clone. The axes of the five cell ommatidial clusters are not necessarily aligned with the A/P and D/V axes of the disc.

(Chanut and Heberlein, 1995)

Homozygous ptc^S2 clones cause ectopic expression of dpp and wg in wing and leg discs and similar reorganisations of anterior wing, notum and leg pattern in the adult.

(Jiang and Struhl, 1995)

Ommatidia within a clone are invariably mutant, ommatidia may have extra or less photoreceptor cells, appear to be of either chiral form and in a random orientation. Ommatidia in a region posterior to a clone are of the inappropriate chiral form but they are still mirror reflection either side of the equator. This presumable reflects the backward flow of the ectopic wave before it meets the anteriorly advancing endogenous wave. Ommatidia anterior to the clones have the correct chirality and orientation as the morphogenetic ectopic wave is moving in the correct posterior to anterior direction. It is unclear of ommatidial chirality is perturbed in regions where the morphogenetic wave flows perpendicular to the normal direction.

(Wehrli and Tomlinson, 1995)

There is a significant shortfall in ptc mutant clones recovered between the anterior wing margin and vein 2 in animals mosaic for homozygous clones of ptc^S2. Clones that do form in the anterior compartment never form part of a vein and wild-type cells bordering these clones often form ectopic vein.

(Phillips et al., 1990)

Keilin's organ ptc mutant embryos have Keilin's organs, but these often have four or more sensory hairs rather than the normal three. ptc^S2/ptc^G12 and ptc^S2/ptc⁹ embryos grew in in vivo culture, producing implants containing larval gut, Malpighian tubule, fat body, salivary gland, brain and imaginal discs. The discs tended to grow as a mass of merged sheet of material. Metamorphosed implants produced adult cuticular structures derived from the eye-antenna, leg and wing discs.

(Simcox et al., 1989)

External Data

Linkouts

Interactions

Show genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors

Phenotypic Class

Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

ptc^S2/ptc[+] is an enhancer of visible phenotype of ro^DOM

(Chanut et al., 2000)

Other

Statement

Reference

hh^AC, ptc^S2 has abnormal planar polarity | somatic clone phenotype

(Lawrence et al., 2002)

hh^AC, ptc^S2 has abnormal planar polarity | somatic clone | cell non-autonomous phenotype

(Lawrence et al., 2002)

fu^mH63, ptc^S2 has increased occurrence of cell division | somatic clone | oogenesis phenotype

(Zhang and Kalderon, 2000)

Phenotype Manifest In

Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

ptc^S2 has wing phenotype, enhanceable by Su(fu)^LP

(Ohlmeyer and Kalderon, 1998)

ptc^S2 has wing vein phenotype, enhanceable by Su(fu)^LP

(Ohlmeyer and Kalderon, 1998)

ptc^S2 has wing phenotype, enhanceable by fu^mH63

(Ohlmeyer and Kalderon, 1998)

ptc^S2 has wing vein phenotype, enhanceable by fu^mH63

(Ohlmeyer and Kalderon, 1998)

Suppressed by

Statement

Reference

ptc^S2 has eye photoreceptor cell | ectopic | somatic clone phenotype, suppressible by rasp^T392/rasp^T802

(Miura et al., 2006)

ptc^S2 has wing disc | anterior | somatic clone phenotype, suppressible by ci⁹⁴

(Methot and Basler, 2001)

Enhancer of

Statement

Reference

ptc^S2/ptc[+] is an enhancer of eye phenotype of ro^DOM

(Chanut et al., 2000)

Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

ptc^S2/ptc^S2 is a suppressor of phenotype of hh^ts2

(Zhang and Kalderon, 2000)

ptc^S2/ptc^S2 is a suppressor of egg chamber phenotype of hh^ts2

(Zhang and Kalderon, 2000)

Other

Statement

Reference

hh^AC, ptc^S2 has adult cuticle & abdomen | somatic clone phenotype

(Lawrence et al., 2002)

hh^AC, ptc^S2 has adult cuticle & abdomen | somatic clone | cell non-autonomous phenotype

(Lawrence et al., 2002)

Additional Comments

Genetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

mam⁸ prevents the duplication of follicle stem cells that is normally seen in ptc^S2 follicle stem cell clones.

The ability of ptc^S2 to induce follicle stem cell duplications in clones and for the clones to take over the whole ovariole is suppressed by expression of either N^{intra.GS.Scer\UAS} or Su(H)^{Scer\UAS.cSa.T:Hsim\VP16} under the control of Scer\GAL4^tub. The loss of follicle stem cell clones caused by expression of either N^{intra.GS.Scer\UAS} or Su(H)^{Scer\UAS.cSa.T:Hsim\VP16} under the control of Scer\GAL4^tub is not substantially suppressed by ptc^S2.

(Vied and Kalderon, 2009)

Most ectopic photoreceptor differentiation caused by ptc^S2 homozygous clones in the eye disc is suppressed in a rasp^T392/rasp^T802 background, with most of the remaining photoreceptors having R8 identity.

(Miura et al., 2006)

Somatic clones in the abdomen that have partial loss of function for ptc (ptc^S2) and hh^AC show repolarisation of the back half of the clone and behind it.

(Lawrence et al., 2002)

ptc^S2 ci⁹⁴ double mutant clones in the anterior of the wing disc have "wiggly" boundaries indistinguishable from wild-type control clones.

(Methot and Basler, 2001)

Somatic stem cell clones in the ovary homozygous for both fu^mH63 and ptc^S2 show only very mild over proliferation. The egg chamber proliferation defects of hh^ts2 females kept at the restrictive temperature are rescued by homozygous ptc^S2 clones. In addition these rescued egg chambers contain excess follicle cells and ectopic polar cells and can show mis-positioning of the oocyte.

(Zhang and Kalderon, 2000)

ptc^S2 double mutant clones with fu^mH63 induce ectopic sensillae and an ectopic wing vein 3 in the middle of the clone and a much smaller displacement of vein 2 than ptc^S2 mutant clones alone. ptc^S2, fu^mH63 double mutant clones still retain some pattern organising activity in wings.

(Ohlmeyer and Kalderon, 1998)

Neither one copy of Mmus\Pkaca^Act5C.PJ or Mmus\Pkaca^hs.PJ expression at 33^oC can block ectopic dpp expression or rescue the notum phenotype of ptc^S2.

(Jiang and Struhl, 1995)

Xenogenetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

Complementation and Rescue Data

Complements

ptc^N15

(Vegh and Basler, 2003)

ptc^P83

(Vegh and Basler, 2003)

ptc^Q67

(Vegh and Basler, 2003)

ptc^Conf-1

(Martin et al., 2001)

Rescued by

ptc^S2/ptc¹⁶ is rescued by ptc^αTub84B.PCa

(Chen and Struhl, 1996)

ptc^S2/ptc¹⁸ is rescued by ptc^αTub84B.PCa

(Chen and Struhl, 1996)

Comments

ptc^αTub84B.PCa can rescue ptc¹⁶/ptc^S2 or ptc¹⁸/ptc^S2 mutants to adulthood. ptc¹⁶/ptc^S2 ptc^αTub84B.PCb or ptc¹⁸/ptc^S2 ptc^αTub84B.PCb wing clones that arise immediately anterior to the A/P boundary develop normally.

(Chen and Struhl, 1996)

Images (0)

Mutant

Wild-type

Stocks (1)

Bloomington

6332

y¹; P{neoFRT}42D ptc^S2/CyO

Notes on Origin

Discoverer

Comments

Homozygotes cause ectopic activation of the hh signal transduction pathway.

(Chen and Struhl, 1996)

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 0 )

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (3)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

Ptc^S2

(Moore et al., 2022)

ptc^S2

(Zhang et al., 2023, Liu et al., 2021, Dai et al., 2017, Garcia-Garcia et al., 2017, Avanesov and Blair, 2013, Chai et al., 2013, Chang et al., 2013, Christiansen et al., 2013, Christiansen et al., 2012, Cheng et al., 2010, Blanco et al., 2009, Gazi et al., 2009, Khaliullina et al., 2009, Vied and Kalderon, 2009, Corrigall et al., 2007, Miura et al., 2006)

ptc^s2

(Jiang et al., 2014, Rhiner et al., 2009, Bejarano et al., 2007, Lee et al., 2001)

Name Synonyms

Secondary FlyBase IDs

References (55)

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